Apparatus for converting coal to hydrocarbons

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for forming liquid hydrocarbons from solid coal. The coal is pulverized to provide a particulate coal feed, which is then extruded to provide a hollow tube of compressed coal supported inside of a support tube. A clay feed is extruded to provide a hollow tube of compressed clay supported inside of the coal tube and a combustible fuel is burned inside of the clay tube. The temperature of combustion is sufficient to fire the extruded clay and pyrolyze the extruded coal to produce hydrocarbon gases and coal char. The support tube has holes for releasing the hydrocarbon gases, which contain suspended particles formed during combustion. The suspended particles are removed from the hydrocarbon gases to provide clean gases, which are passed through an ionizing chamber to ionize at least a portion thereof. The ionized gases are then passed through a magnetic field to separate them from each other according to their molecular weight. Selected portions of at least some of the separated gases are mixed, and the mixed gases are cooled to provide at least one liquid hydrocarbon product of predetermined composition. Portions of the separated gases may also be mixed with the coal char and other input streams, such as waste plastics, and further treated to provide other hydrocarbon products.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/863,030 filed May23, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.08/653,967 filed May 28, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,524, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/190,754 filed Feb. 2, 1994,now abandoned; U.S. application Ser. No. 08/863,030 also having claimedthe benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/019,153 filed Jun. 4,1996. The entire contents of each of these prior applications areincorporated herein by reference.

PREFACE

The world is awash in Waste that is accumulating at an alarming rate inevery urban community world-wide. Also the planet is girdled with layersof low grade coal that find little use and when it is used normally asfuel it creates havoc with the atmosphere.

This work was started by the Inventor in an effort to determine if thisunwanted waste and imperfect ore might not somehow compliment oneanother if they were combined to produce one or more products. Bothcomprise Hydrocarbons in various degrees of development so it seemed apotential opportunity to put them together if an process and theassociated apparatus were specifically designed to overcome the energyproblems and the chemical difficulties that are involved. As thisproblem was defined it quickly became apparent that a whole family ofprocess would be involved with at least two dozen supporting apparatusforms.

Coke is the product usually associated with the fire reduction of coal.

The existing processes for the production of coke from coal and thevaried systems used for disposal of waste plastics and paper productsare totally unsatisfactory ecologically and generally non-productivewith respect to the gases driven off of these processes.

Coke production for steel manufacturing as practiced now involves hugemachines and ovens of great length and complexity that are grosslyinefficient in heat consumption and atmospheric contamination. Volumesof toxic gases escape and such ovens are being banned by regulatoryagencies.

Coke is preferred by some steel makers over the use of electric ovens,but the blast furnaces have been largely condemned.

Consideration turned to the total reduction of a low grade coal tocarbon with the intent to extract every constituent possible from itsmakeup. With this done could the resulting soft char carbon be used as astand alone product or could saturated hydrocarbons be recovered fromwaste plastic to enhance this a liquefied coal. This became thedirection of development of this invention.

Everything indicated a improved mechanical approach to many of theprocedures presently used would save energy and reduce equipment size,particularly if a continuous process were devised that had featurespermitting constructive adjustment of chemical throughput as the productcame off the end of the line. In the batch firing associated with cokingthis has been an impossibility.

Refining processes and their associated chemistry involved such complexchemical reactions and installations in the reduction of hydrocarbons tousable products that those of us who are not chemists stand in awe ofall that has been accomplished. Indeed it seems presumptuous to suggesta mechanical approach to reaction chemistry. However, it is the beliefof the Inventor that the use of this invention rather than theapplication of great amounts of heat as applied to large vesselssupplied from external steam sources for feed to a reactor can performthese same functions with less free-energy loss and cost.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Emphasis is in this work is on center-fire heat application inside anextruded form of feedstock to pyrolize and gasifty for the generation ofa super-heated cloud mass, followed by dry cleaning means, molecularmass division, the use of high pressure compacting shock steamreforming, cryogenic reconstitution for liquefication, overall apparatussize reduction, the close coupling of gas/steam handling to minimizepiping and facilitate the use and reuse of steam circulation passedthrough reaction catalysts to maximize thermal efficiency.

In these fire reduction processes gases are collected in a chamber as agas cloud mass as they are extracted from the feedstock center-firedextrusion of this invention. Based on the reluctance of gases to mixtogether, the molecular content is separated in various ways to provideindividual gases that are then subjected to reaction means, sub-sonicshock and finally combined with other products of the process orcombined with cryogenic means to form salable chemical compounds.

In the Gas Collection Chamber causes layers or stratas of gas moleculesto form as they are attracted or repelled by barriers of variedtemperature. There are collisions or repulsion as large and smallmolecules approach one another. As gas viscosity increases the mean freepaths shorten. An analogy to a fluid bed of particles might beconsidered in which their vibration creates a separation of molecules bysize.

It would seem logical that the sweep of the rotating center member orthe Absorber Receiver Tube at the center of the Gas Collection Chamberwill move the gas in a circular path turning upon itself in helical formaugmented by the high temperature steam jets directed across the surfaceof the absorber retention tube. As the gas molecules are swept aroundthe annulus space of this chamber, the centrifugal force in this motionwill tend to move the heavier and larger molecules to the outside wall.This wall has a cooler surface than that of the Absorber Receiver Tube'sso based on thermal diffusion theory the heavier molecules will beattracted to this outside wall.

The lighter molecules attract to the hot center area and gradually riseto the top of the chamber. Holed annular collars or flanges extend a fewinches inward from the outer wall where they are welded at midpointsbetween each level of an exhaust port to help create a boundary forstrata formation of varied molecular size selection, ranging from thelight and small at the top to the heaviest at the bottom. The holecircle in the horizontal collar ringing the inside of the Gas CollectionChamber wall are placed close to the wall to permit the drainage ofliquors as they accumulate and run down the wall to collect indowncomers and mains.

Concave cups are at the ends of tube extensions on exhaust valvesopening to the Raw Gas Receivers. The convex side of the cups faceupstream to the sweep of passing gases. These create eddy currents and agas dwell at the tube opening. As the valve is opened at the Raw GasReceiver gas moves through the tube into this cooler expansion chamberand moves beyond to the Hollow Ball Cleaning means.

Emphasis in the III Process is directed to the heating of the feedstockto the highest temperature possible without gas destruction so everypossible constituent is reduced to a carbon or a gas.

The gas is exhausted to a cleaning function to remove particulate. Itcan be then be subjected to Thermal Diffusion separation as in Process Iand II, but this seems redundant here in the Process III procedure. Herethe traveling gas mass is ionized and driven into a Parabola CollimationUnit to reverse its direction and cause horizontal spin out of molecularweights in a centrifugal force field to create horizontal bands of gasthat is capture for delivery into the magnetic field of theSpectro-Cyclotron in a partitioned wave-guide-like tube of horizontalrectangular slots. The magnetic field apparatus is the last step to apossible division into a possible 38 molecular mass variations.

Finally after all the reduction, rough gas separation and cleaning theIV Process does the work of assembling these many gas fractions into amarketable product.

In the apparatus the divided gases are recombined here using amulti-port extrusion nozzle that pushes an inert mass of media orcatalyst that functions as a carrier for the newly combined gas. Themedia and hot gas content form a rising column that chums in the anannulus space between a Top Perforated Absorber Receiver Tube and aStatic Internal Temperature Control Tube that is a conduit for highheats or an intense cold liquid so the gas mix in a catalyst media toreacts or reform in an inert media under Cryogenic conditions to formliquid chemical compounds as mixed with this means.

Before the gas mix has reached the top level of perforation location inthis absorption tube it gas has reacted with heat, or becomes a liquidif cold is applied, and either is collected as it flows from theperforations into an evacuated Gas Collection Chamber which isphysically smaller but somewhat like the Gas Collection Chambers of theProcesses I, II and III particularly with respect to a hot reactionprocess, but with a greater difference in the cold application.

Control of metering in a form of titration to delivery gases andchemicals to the nozzle of the extruder is the critical factor in thesuccess of this IV Processor. The controls for heat and cold, as well asthe rotational speeds, seals and the like are modifications ofconventional designs.

An ancillary but critically addition to these procedures is Process V.This a branching procedure for treatment of a gases derived from thisprocess, as stack gas as produced in a power plant, or natural gas, orany one of many hydrocarbon products that are compatible with steamreforming. The V Process comprise two or more special free pistonelements that are propelled toward one another at high velocity bycombustion or steam expansion means causing them to impact against twoor more rams that closing into a common center chamber containing aprepressurized gas and steam to cause reforming of these with or withoutpassing the combination through a catalyst tower. The piston positionsand movement in the cylinders are controlled by optical means and theymove against zero pressure to strike the rams. They travel on gas orsteam bubbles exuding from minute holes in their surfaces so nolubricant is required in this virtual weightless friction-free travelemploying the mass kinetic energy of the piston as well as thepropulsion force of the drive to create a massive force impact and veryhigh pressures in the steam/gases compacted in this way.

A marketable product is created with use of these Process with theEncapsulated Fire Reduction, Fractionating, Mole Mass Division,Disassociation, Sub-Sonic Shock Steam Reformation and the Reconstitutiona plurality of gases to form a Liquefied Chemical Compound.

It is graphically apparent that there are dozens of apparatus variationsgeneric to these methods that will be developed by the inventor andothers skilled in the art. For example the height of the unit will varyas will the diameter of the absorption receiver tubes in both hot andcold processes, depending upon the character of the feedstock produced.Fractionation points will differ with feedstocks as will adjustments oftemperatures, flow rates and pressures as well as electrical voltagesand magnetic field gauss levels.

Shape and form will change with further experimentation, particularly inthe area of molecular weight and mass division. Temperature ranges willrequire different heating procedures and fuels. Improvement incirculatory means, valving and controls will create many new apparatusforms as well.

SEARCHES

A search of the patent classes and sub-classes 127.1, 127.3 and 127.5show art generally like that of M. W. Kellogg 5,011,625 AutothermalSteam Reforming which functionally is based on conventional chemistryand chemical reactions under pressure and heat. There are great numbersof patents in the literature dealing with the treatment of natural gasconversion to methanol and the use of catalyst in this connection. Someof this work has been examined in connection with this application.

The Sub-Sonic Shock Steam Reforming portion of this work that is anessential part of the overall program was carried forward with emphasison conservation of free energy in effort to use the multiple compressionstages of this invention to provide the potential for the creation of asubstitute for a semipermeable membrane as in the following.

A most significant work has had major influence on the Inventor's effort. . . that of Reuel Shimmer, The Department of Chemical Engineering,City College of New York, N.Y. 10031 and specifically a publication inChemical Engineering Science, Vol. 43, No. 8 pp 2303-2318, 1988entitled, "Thermodynamic Analysis of Chemical Process and ReactorDesign".

In this paper the writer points out that ". . . when the processdepletes moles the reactor designer can replenish these with compressionof the products". . . "[proportional] to improvement of thermalefficiency . . . made in energy recovery".

The Inventor feels that these statements point up the potential for animproved compression/gas/compacting method with internal means foreffective heat transfer and recovery as suggested here.

The nature of the pulsed force of this invention, in the creation of an"Unstable State Reaction", imparts a low frequency vibratory effectagainst the catalyst chamber standing above the compressor, causing thebeads or particles of the catalyst to vibrate. This makes a "fluid-bed"condition and provides a "stirring" function within the body ofcatalyst.

Shimmer comments: ". . . a stirred [reactor] tank operated at highconversion will have a higher iso-octane yield than is achievable in anyplug flow reactor".

Relative to the fact that the compressor of the invention's designpermits the progressive handling of successive compression functionssuited to the handling of more than one reaction and catalyst treatmentstation, there is this: "There are several options that one can use toovercome constraints resulting from catalyst properties.

1) Search for catalyst will different properties.

2) Use two or multiple step non-isothermal reactors, which are oftenaccompanied by an increase in number of chemical species involved.

3) Use selective separation processes, i.e., look for the equivalent ofa semipermeable membrane.

. . how to imitate a semipermeable membrane . . . integrate a separationprocess into the reactor, [but ]. . . if for some reason, one cannot runa reactor such that (heat release) is reasonably negative, one mustgenerate free energy by a separation process . . . an exception is aprocess with a large contraction of volume where the compression of thefeed creates free energy".

Other patents considered in the application of this method and apparatusto reaction chemistry were:

R. L. Espino and T. S. Pletzke; U.S. Pat. No. 4,031,123, 1977

A. Pinto; U.S. Pat. No. 4,065,483, 1977

F. Marchner, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,087,449, 1978

P. G. Bonder, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,189, 1978

M. L. Poutsma, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,656, 1978

A. Pinto; U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,800, 1980

A. Pinto; U.S. Pat. No. 4,072,625, 1978

A. Pinto; U.S. Pat. No. 4,238,403, 1980

E. G. Baglin, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,181,630, 1980

E. C. Makin, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,181,675, 1980

E. Supp, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,203,915, 1980

E. Supp, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,271,086, 1981

K. Koniki, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,412, 1980

E. B. Bowman; U.S. Pat. No. 4,266,798, 1980

Few of these make references to the use of compressor apparatus for theconduct of the processes described and none propose the use of anextruder to prepare a feedstock for internal heat application with useof a tube in the form of a feedstock.

None that we have found considered a plurality of means for evacuationof air from an extrusion;

or means injection of gases in this evacuated space;

or means for extrusion of a fire resistant lining as a second extrusionin the first feedstock extrusion;

or the introduction of flame and fuels to the inside of an extrudedfeedstock tube as it is being extruded;

or the progressive use of plurality of ways proposed for the division ofgas masses.

or reconstitution of metered volumes of gas put in a cryogenicenvironment to mix and combine resulting in chemical compounds.

There are hundreds of patents on piston/cylinder configurations asassociated with compressors and combustion engines. Hundred also onextruders and nozzles. The compressors are almost all driven by crankingmechanism of one kind or another in the compressors and in engines thatperform as prime movers with the transmission of energy from combustionmoving pistons connected to cranks and shafts.

None describe a compressor with a free piston moving against zeropressure;

or a piston with special nucleate bubble forming surfaces;

or isolation of the compression gas product in a chamber closed by ramsimpacted by the pistons;

or high velocity piston action to impart shock to the gas increment;

or a free piston compression apparatus optionally driven by steam or gascombustion.

OUTLINE OF THE SUB-SONIC SHOCK STEAM REFORMING PROCESS

The objective of this method is not to replace the normal reactionchemistry of gas reforming, but to introduce a "tool" involving arelatively small and easily maintained "engine-like" apparatus that cancompact a gas with great energy efficiency (unlike conventionalcompressors) and pass this reformed gas to a catalyst procedure.

The apparatus for this purpose is a ported device in which the transferof gases and steam is accomplished without external piping so the heatgenerated is conserved within the compression body and the coolingfunction, using low temperature steam, creates saturated steam withinthe cylinder walls that convert to superheated steam which is thenpassed to compression and used in the hydrocarbon reforming functionwhile exhaust steam provides jet-cycle refrigeration.

The pistons and some static cylinder surfaces are fitted with perforatedsleeves that provide very small holes in their surfaces. Steam formsbecause of temperature differences between the piston and cylinder wallssteam associated with the piston motion is driven into spaces in thepiston's interior through small ports and manifolds that feed theseouter diameter perforations uniformly so a minute portion ends in theform of nucleate bubbles between the working surfaces of the cylinderand piston. This holds the pistons in the center of the tolerance spacebetween the cylinder bore and the piston surface.

The piston glides effortlessly on this explosive laminar layer createdby wet-gas slip bypass bubbles that flatten and divide to eliminate thenormal friction between piston and cylinders. This increases the pistonvelocity, reduces energy required for the piston's drive, and theclinging nucleate bubbles actually seal the perforation opening andreduce slip bypass.

The apparatus associated with the practice of this invention generatessubstantial heat that if taken off with conventional cooling procedurewould cause a great loss of free-energy. Unlike the normal steelconstruction as used in such equipment the use of high temperatureexotic metals like inconel or titanium permits the conversion of thisheat and the control of high temperatures with use of flash steamgeneration as the cooling agent. This is done with a plurality ofso-called attemperation water mist injection devices that employ highpressure low temperature steam injected through a venturi to drive thisvapor into all the spaces that surround the heat generating elements ofthe process. This attemperation means maintains a controlled cylindertemperature. The steam temperature rises to saturation levels that andcan go as high as super-heated steam while still held within thetemperature tolerance of the metals employed in the construction.

In the case of natural gas combustion driving the pistons, the hotexhaust is carried through the reactors heat exchanger tubes surroundingthe catalyst it is maintained at 1,500 degrees F. transferred to thereaction which, with exothermic conditions creates even more heat passedout to gas preheaters, etc. The walls of the reactor vessels are holedvertically and cool this shell with the same attemperation used on thecombustion and compression heat control. Finally the steam from thesemany sources is accumulated and conducted in a circulatory manner to asteam compactor that is another free piston apparatus that compressessteam for use with the feedstock prior to the reactors feed. This steamis injected into an expansion tower where the pressure rises as heat insteam heat exchangers with injected with additional mist to maintainwater to the steam system. This procedure provides the ability to createa wide range of steam temperatures and pressures that may be needed invariations of the processes used with this method. The multiple mistinjection also provides the generation of new steam in the volumesneeded for the process itself, generally in the range of 11 mole ofsteam for each 2 mole of carbon.

THE ENCAPSULATED EXTRUSION PROCESS FOR WASTE PRODUCTS

Great volumes of waste plastic, carpet fiber, glass, rubber tires andpaper are buried, or are simply accumulating because of landfill closingand the inability of cities and counties to provide a properly approvedsystem for disposal that conforms to ecological laws and restrictions.

CONVENTIONAL PROCESSING

The design of conventional processes described in the prior art foretellthe need for an extraction method for the processing of coal, otherores, waste plastic, tires and even petrochemical plant "tank-bottom".Ground waste glass is usable in this invention in a feedstock lining andwaste newsprint paper can be employed as fuel with special treatmentdescribed here. Therefore the processes of this invention encompassvirtually all of the waste forms that are accumulating with only tokendisposal solutions.

Efforts to apply average pyrolizing techniques to the disposal of WastePlastic have usually created exhausts that are objectionable, tended tomake a crude oil product of little value and a "tank-bottom" thatpresents its own disposal problems. In short these lack emphasis in thearea of high temperature gas generation, separation and cryogenicrecovery which is the crux of the solution to this waste disposalproblem.

Many of the energy problems of developing countries as well as our ownnation's dependence upon foreign oils could be alleviated by theintroduction of these combined processing methods so effective use couldbe made of the vast world-wide surplus of low grade coals and the wastehydrocarbons. These waste products can be used for the enhancement oflow grade coal residue after valuable chemical gases are removed fromthe coal with use of the vacuum non-destructive pyrolization, or thecarbonization/distillation processes of this invention.

ENHANCEMENT OF VERY LOW GRADE COAL

There are coal ores in abundance throughout the world which are mostfrequently of low quality Btu levels. The procedure of this inventionprovides a means to upgrade such ores by the application of controlledheats to reduce water and sulfur contents while at once extractingvaluable gases with this low energy cost center-fire extrusion heattreatment.

In addition this invention permits the infusion of gases or chemicalsinto the extrusion to enhance the features of a low value coal so itsBtu performance can be of uniformly high quality and with water removedthe shipping tonnage Vs Btu levels are proportional to a that of higherquality coal. Recovered gas values, will in some cases, offset or exceedthe costs of the ore and this associated enhancement procedure. With asalable coke or improved coal product as the primary cash product suchan operation can be highly profitable.

The process is an ideal one for the production of a coke because of allthe variables that can be input in this continuous processing procedureas it functions, while the product through-put is tested and evaluatedprogressively. This is impossible in the current coal reduction batchingprocedures.

PROCEDURES DERIVED FROM COAL AND WASTE

The Products produced by the characteristics of these combined processesare production of; (1) Gases derived from Coal and Waste as ChemicalConstituents using the Encapsulated Fire Reduction and Carbonization ofOres and Waste Materials; (2) Saturated Hydrocarbons as gas constituentsas derived from Waste Materials subjected to Sub-Sonic Shock SteamReforming; (3) A Thixotropic High Viscosity Liquefied Pipe Line Coalcomprising a mix of the Soft-Char by-product of the Encapsulated Firingand Carbonization process with Saturated Hydrocarbons derived from theSub-Sonic Shock Steam Reforming Process for treating waste plastics and(4) A Saturated Steam for the process use produced by the Anti-NucleateFlash Tube Boiler system using newsprint waste paper in the"cottonizing" fuel process of this invention. The processes functionwell in the Sonic Shock Stem Reforming of Natural Gas and even fumeStack Gas for the production of Methanol.

The purpose of this invention is to make use of the existing WasteRecycling Program as a cash generating function for the Communities whoare struggling to make this work. Their present programs make possiblethe extraction of selected plastics so that they can be processed inproper proportions to generate desirable gases that make possiblepredictable performance. This invention is not intended to solve theoverall waste disposal problems, but instead provide a means to delivera nearly pure and well defined hydrocarbon feedstock to a gas generatingprocess making use of Waste Plastics for recovery of SaturatedHydrocarbons while Waste Newsprint is used for the generation of theenergy required in the process. Surplus steam could be applied toco-generation of electric power to fed into the public utility powergrid for added profit.

The boiler process and apparatus proposed for steam generation uses ofwaste newsprint is specially treated and used in a energy source thatwould be environmentally approved as a part of this process. Newsprintand waste papers when handled properly can provide an efficient andclean, low cost fuel that can dispose of the vast accumulation of thismaterial with an easily handled stack-gas product of carbon and watervapor. The carbon is of acceptional quality and recovery providesanother profit.

SUB-SONIC SHOCK STEAM REFORMING

This is branching feature of this combination of processes has beendescribe briefly in the foregoing. It is a means for processing thederived gases from ores or waste with a different Steam Reformingtreatment in which Sub-Sonic Shock is applied to isolated gas incrementsusing a highly efficient shock compacting means with immediate injectioninto a Catalytic Unstable Reaction Tower with dependence for heatgeneration and free energy conservation on the Sub-Sonic Shock apparatusto create economically sound marketable products.

In 1922 L. Pescara began the development of the free-piston engine inFrance. SIGMA has built over 1,500 5" bore compressor units and about1,000 13.4" free-piston gas generators.

Free piston engine-compressors and gas generators are usually two-strokeunits comprising four piston elements that are connected as pairs assingle units. One end faces a diesel combustion charge and the othersmaller end compresses the exhaust gas discharge from the dieselcombustion. Usually the two small ends of the piston assemblies areopposed and compound the compression as they act together. The resultinggas exhaust that is compressed in this manner goes to a receiver andbeyond to a turbine drive for rotating a prime mover shaft andthereafter the gas exhausts to the atmosphere. The action of the pistonsmay optionally be divided into two functions, one to compress air andthe other to compress the exhaust gas. The compressed air is used forsupercharging the combustion functions.

There are many shortcomings in these, namely that the piston's weightinhibits the "bounce" effect that returns the piston with thecompression of air or exhaust gases. Frequency of stroke maximizes atabout 600 per minute and decreasing the strokes tends to reduce thepower by as much as 60% so a constant speed is essential for efficientoperation. Cooling the pistons, which have significant friction losses,is critical and represents a substantial problem.

The nature of the compression apparatus of the invention of thisapplication is in the piston design that is virtually friction free.Because the piston can be ideally calculated for optimum weight and massto achieve a maximum velocity as related to the pressure required andthe combustion energy or steam expansion needed to propel it, its returnspeed or "bounce" characteristic can be applied effectively unlike thehigh weight and mass of the dual piston of the Pescara engine. Theexpelling of compressed feedstock gas over the check valve settingleaves a residual pressure in the compression space. The piston return"bounce" is partly accomplished by this return pressure of captured gasthat is not expelled on impact. The ram rebounding against the pistonhas reversed direction responding to this and as the expanded steam hasbeen exhausted on the piston's opposite side and a new steam injectionbetween the ram and piston is injected the is returned to the startingposition.

New feedstock gas is introduced behind the ram piston in readiness forimpact and when combustion occurs, or steam is introduced as the pistoncomes to this return stroke end the action is repeated. On the drivestroke back all valves are opened progressively as the piston passes soits drives toward the ram is against zero pressure.

The piston can have the pressure advantage of size difference between itinside the combustion area while ram smaller in diameter increases thecompression ratio.

Unlike the Pescara engine/compressor form that is intended as a heatmachine joined with a turbine, the free piston compressor of thisinvention functions secondarily as a heat machine. It does conserve theheat it generates by radiating this heat to an injected water mist thatforms flash-steam in jacket chambers enclosing the cylinder. This meansprovides the steam for the reforming portion of the process of theinvention.

The compressor's primary function is to drive a light-weight pistontoward another like piston at maximum velocity to achieve sub-sonicshock impact against a pair of ram assemblies between them. The rams inturn impact against a pre-pressurized trapped isolated and trapped gasvolume placed to receive this shock compacting kinetic energy. This gasis driven from this Retention Chamber past a series of set pressureresistance-points comprising relief check-valves, each opening into anew chamber with increased space that is the start of decompression.These factors plus the geometry of the piston itself change thethermodynamics completely and result in an efficient compression devicethat meets the pressure/temperature criteria for a "cracking" functionwith some chemical gases.

The piston cylinder form in the apparatus of this invention varies fromother forms of piston cylinder apparatus in that;

(a) It operates continuously at very high temperatures.

(b) Generates very ultra-high pressure and temperature steam within thecompression chamber apparatus while generating flash steam as means formaintaining a temperature gradient between the cylinder wall and thepiston surface.

(c) Optionally, the piston and cylinder form may involve multi-annularand concentric telescoping parts as well as a internal moving ballfunctioning as a check valve within the piston itself for control ofimpact on both stroke directions as the piston as it moves in the twodirections.

(d) Working piston and/or cylinder surfaces are equipped with minuteopenings to permit delivery of pressurized nucleate steam/gas bubbles tothese non-lubricated bearing surfaces that cause the piston to float inthe cylinder tolerance space on expanding-steam bubbles.

(e) Piston pairs or multiple pairs are opposed on a common or series ofradial axes, but driven in pairs toward one another to double kineticenergy and shock.

(f) Compression creating momentary pressures as high as 6,000 psia andtemperatures of 2,000 degrees F. in actual "cracking" of the molecularcontent of the feedstock.

(g) Control of gases using adjustable pressure relief valves imbeddedwithin the body of a center control section containing internal portingwith connection to the cylinder wall storage spaces that provide closelycoupled and cycled delivery of fuel gas, feedstock gas or liquid, steamand/or compressed air, all of which can be pressurized with singlepiston strokes,

(h) or conversely cylinder pairs are arranged to operate progressivelyone after another so different compression functions of each can applyto a different temperature, pressure and catalyst treatment. Evendifferent gases can be treated and combined with this progressiveprocessing. (i) The ability to assemble a unit with the cylinder pairsarranged radially beneath one or a plurality of reactors or steamreceivers provides free energy savings with close coupling and finally,

(j) application to a different purpose from that normal inpiston/cylinder apparatus within a compressor device, as in the methodof this invention.

Another compressor apparatus configuration that uses high pressure steamas the driving force for the piston is a generic form to that describedabove as used with gas combustion but is a somewhat more simple designintended to use power plant steam expansion for the drive energy. Thisunit is used to convert stack gas created by steam reforming the CO₂ inthe stack gas in the production of methane or methanol for subsequentuse as fuel for conventional engine-driven electrical generators or feedcombined at the burner in a coal fuel boiler of the power plantgenerating the stack gas.

The use of these processes is the basis for a plan that is a startingpoint in attacking the waste disposal problems and with this pureplastic feedstock there is assured success in a program for profitabledisposal of this specific waste form. With this type of program inoperation on a national scale the processing of the whole garbage streamcan be explored later using variations in the Encapsulated Firing andCarbonization-Gasification procedure of this invention. It is better tosolve the easier waste problems first and pay a higher price for anuncontaminated feedstock than fight all of the difficulties associatedwith processing the whole garbage mass.

PUBLIC HEALTH OVERTONES TO WASTE HANDLING An Analysis of Recycling andWaste Disposal Economics and the Impact on Public Heal

A recent study made by Franklin Associates, Ltd. of Prairie Village,Kans., a consulting firm that quantifies waste trends for theEnvironmental Protection Agency and for companies in packing andconsumer-products industry, confirms that recycling based on the conceptthat the country was running out of dump sites has now been shown to betotally false. Further the study shows that collection costs dominatethe recycling effort and curbside collection adds $1.50 per month to amonthly household trash bill that in 1992 cost $382,000,000. Californiaalone estimates a cost of $2 billion to reach a 50% recycling goaloriginally set for the year 2,000. Of the 203 million tons of municipalsolid waste collected in 1992 only 21% was recycled or composted. So farrecycling has diverted a very small proportion of waste products fromthe conventional dumping site procedure. *From the Wall Street Journalof Oct. 4, 1994

Unfortunately this report lends support for increasing the establishmentand use of landfills. There are 6,700 Communities now using RecyclingProcedures, but these figures do not include the 6,000 UncontrolledIncinerators that burn Hospital Waste Materials. This hospital wastematerial is a large volume percentage comprising millions of smallplastic packages that contain the residuals of thousands ofpharmaceutical chemicals plus used fabric and organic materials. TheChlorine-rich gases produced by these are dumped into the atmosphere asconfirmed by an EPA report in three volumes entitled "EstimatingExposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds".

The concern here is Dioxin and Furans that are chlorinated pollutantsthat form during in the combustion of these wastes. These gas chemicalshave an ability to bind with a protein in the human body and are classedas a "receptor". These enter cells causing them to turn genes on or offinappropriately. Emphasis has been placed on these as a source of cancerin humans, however there are questions about the function of the"receptors" so all human beings exposed are not necessarily affected inthe same manner.

"Hot Spots" of Chlorinated pollutants occur near areas of industrialactivity. A recent study has shown that landfill buried plastic wastegenerates Dioxin and other toxic gases released with Methane generatedand taken from the landfills. New efforts to "percolate" or "bioreact"landfill by extraction and then irrigating, or reinjecting other dumpareas with "Leachate Waters" or the liquid stew created at the bottom ofthe landfill mass has recently been described by the EPA of Cleveland,Ohio. When this is done it accelerates the decomposition and thelandfill is more productive of methane gas, waste water and reclaimablesolids.

If the price of Methanol rises sufficiently this may be the unfortunatechoice of landfill operators and waste disposal authorities.

There is a negative side in this program because it would increaseliquids in small sections of landfill areas that could create a newhazard of water penetration to lower levels and contamination of groundwater. With surface irrigation the "Leachate Water" evaporates into theatmosphere with contamination. Aging landfills are frequently surroundedby housing established long after they have been closed for and theseolder ones are most attractive for revival in this program for makingthem "biactive".

In response to the glut of waste paper accumulating in communityrecycling yards, there has been a huge increase in waste paperprocessing plant capacity that has gone on stream in the period 1993/94.Most of these do not meet the standards of pollution controls like thoseat one such plant in North Carolina, which is a large paper producingstate. Other paper processors turn out a 100 times the pollutants of Theirony in all of this is the EPA Dioxin search turned up about 30 poundsof this chemical passing into the atmosphere annually, which iscertainly a concern, but more importantly what is of real concern is theremainder of the report from EPA that points up millions of lethal tonsin other chemical sources described above, like those associated withlandfill operations that are far more significant than the minor humanexposure to Dioxin.

This recitation is intended to show that Encapsulated Carbonization andGasifying in Vacua to Extract Gases from these waste masses is betterthan any of the current conventional procedures that are aggravating theproblem of the Environment. The Hospital Waste Plastics should beseparated by the recycler using shielding barrier means for personnelusing robotic arm manipulators to sort this plastic so it can be steammelted in vacua, cooled and then treat with the Sub-Sonic Shock SteamReforming Process V of this invention to remove the Chlorine and preparethe resulting product as an alcohol for addition to low grade coal.

A part of the concept of this invention is to design and bring to aWaste Collection Site a Portable Processors. A service company andPortable Process Operator would purchase Waste Plastic for use in theprocess as feedstock and waste paper for the fuel for the energy neededto convert the waste. Electric Power from surplus steam generation wouldbe given to the Recycler, so the sum of these benefits could providecash for City or County recycling effort to offset collection costs thatoften are so excessive as to encourage the unhealthful practice ofland-fill dumping and burying all waste products with the garbage.

SUPPORTING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION COAL FIRE REDUCTION

Production Capacity

At first it would be assumed that it would be impossible to provide cokeproduction with this method in the volume required for charging steelfurnaces and the like, but analysis of the procedure of this inventionshows that a plurality of units like those proposed could indeedduplicate this volume and do so in a far more effective and efficientmanner.

Coking Oven Sizes

The Kopper-Becker Coking Apparatus has channels that are 20 feet highand some 50 feet in length. Each fourteen-inch wide channel is flankedby ovens on each side and usually there are banks of these in parallelgroups of thirty-nine channels. Production is about 35 short tons perchamber per 15 hours of furnace time before discharge. Daily productionin 24 hours is 55.7 short tons per chamber. There are down-time factorsfor repair and cleaning so this rounds off to some 50 short tons perchamber day x 39 that equals 1,950 short tons per day.

Assuming coke at 30 lbs. per cubic foot, production is approximately58,500 cubic feet of coke per day.

Continuous Operation rather than Batch Production

The Method and System Apparatus of this invention anticipates acontinuous operation producing an extruded tube of coal for coking thathas a 11/4 inch wall and an outside diameter of 18 inches. At one footper second production speed this tube form of coke produced with thismethod produces 475 tons of coke per 24 hours-the time of theKopper-Becker Equipment that produces 1,950 tons. Thus approximatelyfour or five machines of the type of this invention would produce theequivalent or more than Kopper-Becker Equipment.

These production means are designed to produce clean uncontaminatedchemical and gas constituents extracted from any combustible material inan entirely enclosed system, and use these processing procedures in anyof a variety of combinations, or the ways described to separate gases,followed with highly efficient gas compacting means to create very highpressures and temperatures so these can be subjected to reaction orreforming hot or cold means to produce other gases in the reconstitutionmeans of this invention.

COAL REDUCTION COMPARED WITH METHODS OF THIS INVENTION The coalreduction processes are so well-known that a comparison here may behelpful in understanding the procedures used in these processes

Gas and Oil vapors usually leave the coke container at temperatures of1,100 to 1,300 degrees F. and are shock cooled by spraying with"flushing liquor" in progressive steps. This "flushing liquor" haspreviously been condensed in the mains and collected and recirculated.It amounts to 800 to 1,200 gallons per tone of coal carbonized. Thisstep removes sensible heat from the gases and condenses some of thevapor and the light tars.

Difference: In the I and II Processes of this invention this flash shocktreatment of gas addition is at the top of the unit with reintroductionof the flushing or light ammonia liquor down against the rising hot gas,causing the liquor to flash into steam gas vapors. External to the unitthe stack gases and vapors are subjected to an ancillary procedure forsecondary recovery of light tars and a rework of the fume gases formolecular gas the III Process the gas temperature is kept very highthroughout the process to minimize liquors.

The remaining dead steam vapors and gases pass from collection points tocross-over mains and then to a suction main. A pressure-regulating valveis located in each cross-over main. After the gases and vapor passthese, the temperature has dropped to 175 from 212 degrees F.

Difference: The gases from collection and cross-over mains arereintroduced at the base of the Gas Collection Chamber for ultimateThermal Diffusion mole mass division.

In the I and II Processes of this invention the steam vapor from coolingcoke is introduced with other fuels for heat. The liquid materialsextracted from the gases fall through a downcomer to a flushing liquiddecanter.

No Difference: This procedure is practiced in the Processes II and III.

Practice is to maintain a pressure differential between the cross-overmains and the collection mains which is controlled by a pressureregulator. (These are uses for the low vacuum provided by the steamejectors.) No Difference: This procedure is practiced in the ProcessesI, II and III.

The flushing liquor decanter serves as the first point of tar collectionand the gas scrubber as the second.

No Difference: This procedure is used in Processes II and III.

The liquor overflows the decanter lip and the tar flows from the bottominto a raised pipe within a seal at the bottom that can be raised orlowered. The tar contains 2% to 5% water and usually can go to storagefrom the decanter for subsequent distillation. Liquors and tars flowfrom the scrubber to this decanter function as well.

Difference: The liquor from the decanter is used as noted above for theshock spray in the fractionating chamber and as coolant for wash liquidin the stack gas scrubbing system prior to its reintroduction to thechamber as the spray in recirculations. Reduces Tar Production.

The remaining gas in the system must be cooled to about 90 degrees F. ina secondary operation so additional tar can be removed as well as morewater vapor.

Difference: In the I and II processes of this method this expelledfractionated gas would be cooled to a temperature about half that of theGas Collection Chamber temperature and after division in the thermaldiffusion and electrostatic unit, cooled again, compressed, cooled againand bottled. In the III Process gases are passed through the ionization,collimation and spectro-cyclotronic systems at the highest temperaturespossible short of destruction. This reduces tar production.

Two coolers follow in line, one the direct primary cooler and the nextthe indirect primary cooler. In the first, a cool liquor spray dropsfrom the top of the tower over wood baffles as the gas rises from thebottom. This provides direct gas contact in a scrubbing action. Heatmoves from the gas to the liquor to make a weak ammonia and watersolution. In the indirect cooler heat exchanger, tubes over which thisliquor flows remove about 25% of the total tar, and the remaining gasflows over more heat exchanger tubes to finally pass an electrostaticprecipitator with a high potential between collection plates and manydischarge points. The suspended particles are ionized and cooled on thelarge plate surfaces to be periodically removed with automatic wipingapparatus.

Difference: In the I and II Processes of this invention the systemdescribed above is the desirable system for all surplus or stack gasbefore reintroduction into the Gas Collection Chamber.

Ammonia Liquor Treatment

Phenol is recovered from the ammonia liquor with use of a scrubber andsolvent extraction process in which the ammonia liquor is dropped downthrough benzene which rises as it mixes with the ammonia liquor tocollect the light oils and phenol which comes to the top. The liquorends at the bottom and passes to a dephonolized ammonia liquor storagetank.

The phenolized Light Oil then passes to a caustic soda treatment processof three steps in which the caustic soda gradually absorbs the phenoland becomes sodium carbonate. After removal from the tower, thischemical is boiled to remove moisture and solvent. It is thenneutralized with carbon dioxide and crude phenols and homologues arereleased. The caustic soda is recovered and returned to the process.

The gas leaving the ammonia absorbers contains light oils with over ahundred constituents. It is a mixture of all the products of coal gaswith boiling point ranging from 32 degrees F. to 390 degrees F.

There are olefin and diolefin hydro-carbons, some straight chain andcyclic paraffins, sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds, all present invery small quantities. The principal stable constituents are benzene60-85%, toluene 6-17%, xylene 1-7%, solvent naphtha 0.5-3%.

The light oil itself is approximately one percent of the total coalcarbonized in this normal procedure.

The dense ammonia liquor produced with the I and II Processes of thismethod would be delivered to others for refining the above manner.

The inventor proposes that Process III and its very high temperatureproduction of gases from a variety of material can eliminate most of theprocessing steps now used in conventional systems while extracting thesame constituents with greater economy.

All of the foregoing is based on the movement of gases based on GasKinetic Theory and the various experimental data outlined in thefollowing:

GAS KINETIC THEORY AS APPLIED TO THIS INVENTION

Molecules of gas even at rest are moving at high speeds and colliding.The impacts are elastic and there is apparently no loss of energy insuch collisions. It is also known that molecules of different gases donot diffuse together or mix easily.

Mixing apparently requires time, and with fast transport through a givenvessel, little blending of different gases occur.

According to Boyle's Law, gas at a constant pressure varies directlywith density, or inversely with volume. Equal volumes of all gases atany given value of temperature and pressure contain an equal number ofmolecules.

The Maxwell-Boltmann Distribution Law shows that it is possible todetermine the law according to which of the molecular velocities aredistributed at any given temperature.

All suspensions of fine particles in gases or liquids exhibit "Brownian"motions. On the basis of the kinetic theory of gases Einstein in 1905suggested that at least large molecules would be expected to behave in alike manner.

Chapman and Cowling showed conclusively that the viscosity of gasesincreased with temperature--just the opposite of what occurs in ordinaryliquids. They also showed that molecules are centers of repulsive forcesand are not like hard spheres.

M. Knudsen showed that molecules striking a hot surface not onlyincrease translation, but also increase amounts of rotational andvibrational energy. (Translation: A function changing the coordinates ofa point in Euclidean space into new coordinates relative to axesparallel to the original coordinates.)

T. L. Ibbs described Thermal Diffusion as follows:

If a temperature gradient is applied to a mixture of two gases ofuniform concentration there is a tendency for the heavier or largemolecules to move to the cold side and the smaller molecules to move tothe hot side. The amount of thermal separation thus produced by a givendifference in temperature depends upon the proportion of volume ofheavier gas and the lighter gas. The separation is also influenced bythe field of force operating between the unlike molecules.

In an experimental chamber devised by Clusius and Nickel this was shownto occur with heavier gases collecting at the bottom and lighter at thetop of the vessel. In this experiment an electric current provided theheat and of course this was surrounded by an electric and magnetic field(a force field) which seems to have been ignored.

SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS

Partially based on the foregoing and without violation of any physicallaws the inventor believes that a mix of very hot gases as produced inthis apparatus will move with high velocity along such "mean free paths"as may exist between the molecules. This path depends upon diameter,viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion of the gases.

The apparatus of this invention has been designed to take advantage ofthe Thermal Diffusion functions, the effects of Centrifugal Forces andthe effect of a Uniform Magnetic Field on Ionized Gas Molecules directedinto such a field.

In addition the "elastic" molecular character, the "translation" and"mean free path" features tend in the inventor's mind to support one ofthe selection methods of this invention in which molecules are diffuselydirected into a parabola bowl from their focal point so they "bounce"back into straight "mean free paths" to strike a 45-degree plane andthen "bounce" again. In the new trajectory, that the inventor believesvaries in proportion to the mass of the molecular projectilestransitional deflection, and under the influence of an appliedCentrifugal Force in the plane of their path, they should have bedirected to and be captured by a properly arranged stack of horizontalslits to thus provide Collimating Division means based on mole massstrata. Dependence for performance here is based on the mass dominanceof the large molecules over those of lesser mass.

In Process III the extracted gas is at such high temperatures, 1,200 to2,000 degrees F., that any gas in the mix is well above vapor pressureconsiderations. As these are introduced to ionization, parabolacollimation, and the spectro-cyclotronic separation chamber, gas flowtemperatures and pressure controls are critically maintained. Duringapproach to the division functions the gas is mass bombarded withelectrons from a renewable cathode of moving aluminum wire and a"getter" function using a sputtered coating of Zirconium spots along thewire.

Within the space of the Gas Collection Chamber in the I and II Processesas well as the collection chamber of the III Process there willinevitably be layers or stratas of gas molecules that are attracted orrepelled by barriers of varied temperature. There are collisions orrepulsion as large and small molecules approach one another. Asviscosity increases the mean free paths must shorten. An analogy to afluid bed of particles might be considered in which their vibrationcreates a separation of particles by size. The functions at work hereare some of the most complex of chemical reactions and in a mass ofmixed gases the collision, repulsion and attraction of molecules fromone to another create chaos.

The weaker forces at work are the Van der Waal forces. Collectively thedipole, dipole forces, Hydrogen Bonding and London Forces. These are thereason for the use of the Thermal Diffusion and Electrostatic/Magneticmeans in the final separation of molecules.

It would seem logical that the sweep of the rotating center memberAbsorber Retention Tubes in the fractionating and collection chamberswill move the molecules in a circular path turning upon itself in ahelical plane augmented by the high temperature steam jets directedacross the surface of the absorber retention tube. As the gas moleculesare swept around the annulus space of the chamber, the centrifugal forcein this motion will tend to move the heavier and larger molecules to theoutside wall. This wall has a cooler surface than that of the retentiontube at the center of the chamber, so based on the thermal diffusiontheory the heavier molecules are attracted to this outside wall.

The lighter molecules attract to the hot center and gradually rise tothe top of the chamber. Holed annular collars or flanges extend a fewinches inward from the outer wall where they are welded at midpointsbetween each level of an escape port to help create a boundary forstrata formation of varied molecular size selection ranging from thelight and small at the top to the heaviest at the bottom. The holesplace close to the wall permit the drainage of liquors accumulating onthe wall.

Concave cups are located at the end of each Tube Extension that reachinto the Gas Collection Chamber from the pulsed gas escape valves. Theseare located a different heights around the the wall of the GasCollection Chamber to produce a rough gas fraction. The convex side ofthese cups face upstream to the rotating sweep of passing gas currentdriven by Steam Jets scrubbing the surface of the Absorber Receiver Tubefrom which hots gases exude. These cups create eddy currents in theirconcave space and create a gas dwell at the tube opening. As the Valveis opened this gas is drawn into Raw Gas Receivers with a lower pressureand moves beyond to Cleaning, Ionization and Separation apparatusoutside the Gas Collection Chamber of Processes I and II.

In the Process III the refinement described above is not used. Thefeedstock temperature is kept as high as possible without gasdestruction in the Gas Collection Chamber's evacuated space so nearlyevery constituent can be reduced to carbon or a gas as the Liquors aredrawn off and reintroduced as vapors. The gas is expelled en masse tothe following cleaning procedures, et al.

ANTICIPATED COAL GAS CONSTITUENT PRODUCTION Based on these CoalCharacteristics

Moisture Content 9.6 percent

Volatile Matter Content 17.8 percent

Ash Content 7.5 percent

Operation Time Ingress to Eject 1 Minute

Coking time 1 minute

Center Fire Temperature 2,800 degrees F.

Retention Tube Temperature 2,400 degrees F.

Coke Oven Gas Produced (These vary with coal quality)

    ______________________________________                                        CO.sub.2        Volume  1.3-2.4                                               O.sub.2          Volume 0.2-0.9                                               N.sub.2          Volume 2.0-9.6                                               CO                   Volume                                                                           4.5-6.9                                               H.sub.2          Volume 46.5-57.0                                             CH.sub.4        Volume  26.7-32.1                                             Illuminants                3.1-4.0                                            ______________________________________                                         *Includes H.sub.2 S                                                      

Coke Characteristics Produced

Moisture Content 1.7 percent

Volatile Matter Content 1.2 percent

The gases separated with these methods and systems will be determined byanalysis using GLC or Gas Chromatography. The gas from each separationlevel will be reduced to a temperature below 400 degrees C and subjectedto an Absorption Column analysis that produces a chart showing the primeconstituents and the secondary impurities.

SUB-SONIC SHOCK STEAM REFORMING OF GASES

The Sub-Sonic Shock apparatus of this invention can be modified tofunction with high pressure steam for the propelling of the pistonswhile using the exhaust steam for addition to the CO₂ content of thesteam plant stack gas. This is particularly true with the stack emissionexhaust from the burning of natural gas, but with proper preparation ofthe stack gases in a coal burning plant, the CO₂ of coal exhaust can bereacted using this same process. To do this there is a chance in theapparatus used because power plant high pressure turbine steam at 1,000psia and 1,300 degrees F. supplants the combustion of natural gas forthe piston drives. This is done with attemperation of the power plantsteam for temperature control, but essentially the apparatus is anothergeneric form of the basic method of this invention.

Steam reforming of carbon dioxide is in some ways more simple thanreforming natural gas or plastics in that the process only requires asingle reaction step without the need of a following reactor as is thecase with natural gas. Here an ideal situation exists. Carbon Dioxide isa major constituent of the stack-gas from such a plant and great volumesof super-heated steam are produced. By using this steam source andconducting a relatively simple one-stage reforming process with the CO₂,Methanol can be produced in volumes at very low cost. The use of highpressure steam to drive the sub-sonic shock function is detailedelsewhere because there is no compression of the combustion fuel as witha natural gas drive and the apparatus is less involved to produce andtherefore less costly.

Under conditions of constant temperature in a piston/cylinderarrangement, the change in energy will be equal to the work done on thesystem. The work will be a function of temperature and volume only.

    E.sub.1 -E.sub.2 =(P.sub.1 ×V.sub.1)-(P.sub.2 ×V.sub.2)

This is a relationship that does not account for velocity and pistonmass. It also does not consider chemical reaction and the increase innumber of moles present nor does it account for the compressibilityfactor associated with the gas mixtures. It does, however, give a goodapproximation of the pressure needed and the volume reduction needed toachieve the type of energy required to initiate the desired reaction inthe sonic shock process.

In the stack-gas reforming we need to raise the energy of CO₂ and H₂ Ofrom 376.6 and 799.5 Btu/lb/mole to over 237,105.6 and 397,987.6Btu/lb/mole to produce CO₂ and O₂ from CO₂ and H₂ and O₂ from H₂ O.Starting with low pressure and one ft³ CO² or H₂ O we need to compressthe volume to an order of magnitude of 0.001 ft³ to arrive at areasonable pressure. For CO₂ the required pressure would be 1,280 psia.For H₂ O the required pressure would be 2,150 psia.

In each case we are starting with pure CO₂ or pure H₂ O in the gascompacting space before compression. If starting with a mixture ofcomponents and operating at the higher pressure, methanol will be formedunder these conditions. To maximize the yield of methanol the sonicshock force must be optimized.

WASTE PLASTIC AS FEEDSTOCK

This piston/cylinder Sub-Sonic Shock Steam Reforming Apparatus can alsobe applied to the production of constituent gas separations from thewaste plastic accumulated from waste recycling. These can be reduced tosaturated hydrocarbons with a superheated steam reformed procedure usingthis method in the production of Methane, Propane and Ethane whileChlorines of the Polyvinyl Chlorides are removed separately. Using wastematerial as a feedstock in a process immediately implies economicadvantage but this is not necessarily so. It is desirable in any processto have a feedstock of relative consistency so that performance ispredictable and a product can result that is not contaminated by amaterial in the feedstock that occurs spasmodically. Also there must bean assurance of a supply to maintain an operation that will warrant theexpenditure of funds for the type of plant required in processes likethese proposed here.

Waste plastic that is properly handled is an excellent example withrespect to these problems. The present recycling programs provide forthe separation that could be extended to separate types of plastic intolots for purchase by processors who make a recycled plastic product. Insome cases this is done now.

Taking advantage of this sorting procedure, it is possible to acquire auniform waste plastic feedstock for the process proposed. Statisticsshow a very low volume of recycled waste plastic in the U.S. but this isbecause there is very little interest in reworking this material withthe present processes. Consequently there are no buyers and the wastecollectors resort to burying the material as they have for years.

If a responsible buyer were to come forward and offer to buy all thewaste plastic that was available for $100 to $150 a ton, even with theseparation done to specification by the buyer, indications are that theresponse would be in millions of tons. The fact is that there are nowsome 25,000,000 tons of plastic put in the urban waste stream annually,which does not include the plastics of Hospital waste that is nearlyequal this amount. Waste plastics as presently separated in therecycling procedures can be lumped together (not including Hospitalwaste) without type separation and processed with the Sub-Sonic ShockSteam Reforming procedure outlined here, but the resulting product wouldbe high Btu Alcohols suitable as a liquefying agent for low grade coal.Chlorine removal from this gross product is critical to provide theflammable properties suitable for combustion. When the production ofpure products is the goal, the waste plastic should be classified beforeprocessing and worked as a specific type or combined in weightproportions to yield the gas chemicals desired in the process. Whenheated under air-free non-oxidizing high pressure steam conditions, thematerial in classified or unclassified form can be liquefied and cooledfor space reduction in handling and transportation prior to finaltreatment.

GENERALLY, MOST OF THE PACKAGING PLASTIC CAN BE IDENTIFIED AND SEPARATEDIN THE RECYCLING PROCEDURE AS IN THE FOLLOWING

    ______________________________________                                        Polyethylene     (CHCH.sub.2).sub.x                                           Polystyrene              (C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CHCH.sub.2).sub.x                   Polypropylene          (C.sub.3 H.sub.5).sub.x                                Polycarbonate          [OC.sub.6 H.sub.4 C(CH.sub.3) C.sub.6 H.sub.4                           OCO].sub.x                                                   Polyvinyl Chloride                                                                              (H.sub.2 CCHCL).sub.x                                       Polyvinyl Acetate                                                                                (H.sub.2 CCHOOCCH.sub.3).sub.x                             ______________________________________                                    

THE HYDROGEN ION

Chlorines must be extracted from the last two waste plastic productsnoted above because the Chlorine presence inhibits burning. Toaccomplish this, the process makes use of the +Hydrogen Ion or H₃ O+.The fact that it does occur in a gas state has been confirmed. *"Theexistence of H₃ O+ in the gas phase is supported by analysis of massspectra. When water vapor is ionized, mass peaks for H₃ O+ and also forH+ associated with two, three, or more water molecules (H₅ O₂ +H₂ O₃ +and so on) are observed." *Chemistry 2nd Edition, Bailor, et al 1984.

The H+ ion is a proton. No other positive ion is so small or has such ahigh concentration of charge. With the single electron gone, the chargeof the proton is completely unshielded and the result is that theHydrogen atom does not give up an electron to form H+ unless it cansimultaneously share electrons with some other group. The bonddisassociation energy of the H--H bond in H₂ is relatively high and theHydrogen molecule is quite stable. A large amount of energy is needed torupture the H--H bond. High temperatures and pressures or catalysts havebeen observed to split the molecule into atoms which is often requiredto carry out the reactions of Hydrogen effectively. Hydrogen atoms arehighly reactive. The Chloride ends of the HCL molecules of the wasteplastic are highly negative and, in aqueous solutions, strength of thewater molecules is strong enough to break the Hydrogen-Chlorine toproduce ions.

There is fluctuation demand for Methanol with highs growing out ofcertain states mandating the use of this alcohol as an additive togasoline fuels. There was already a demand associated with chemicalplant usage and there is a need for a relatively low cost process toovercome what will probably be a series of short-term situations of highdemand over the foreseeable future. These would not warrant theconstruction of the very large plant facilities normally associated withthis work while a plurality of small capacity, simple low cost unitslike those of this invention would maintain a supply and stabilize themarket.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION FIVE PROCESS MAKE UP THE INTEGRATED METHODS OFTHIS INVENTION

Within each of these there are a group of apparatus and sub-apparatusforms that in most cases are generic in design. With some modificationin each they are adaptable in each case to two or more of theseprocesses as the functional elements.

The purpose and objective of the Invention is to teach a program usingthese several processes and apparatus forms in a progressive procedurethat makes possible:

(1) Low cost fire reduction of poor ores and waste to produce chemicalgases

(2) That are heated to very high temperatures

(3) Divided by Thermal Diffusion means

(4) Cleaned by non-fouling means

(5) Ionized by electron bombardment

(6) Divided again into horizontal stratas by molecular mass selection

(7) Divided again by exposure to an intense magnetic field

(8) Reconstituted cryogenically as liquids

(9) Treated with sub-sonic shock steam reforming means

(10) Optionally reacted in an unstable-state with catalysts

All of which produces a plurality of chemical gases and liquid products.The five processing methods and procedural groups include secondarysystems and apparatus forms in each main process category.

PROCESS I

Process I is a basic method using an extruded dual tube feedstock insidewhich a running center-fire heats to gasify the feedstock with emphasison driving off gases and liquors at relatively low temperatures so theycan be accumulated and refined as with the processes of this invention,or with other existing operations. The primary purpose here is toimprove a low grade coal and offset the enhancement process cost withsales of constituent chemicals derived incidental to the process. Theassociated apparatus forms comprise:

A Feedstock Extruder Capable of Dual Extrusion

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Fuel Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Gas Collection Chamber Apparatus and System

Center-Fire Spool Checker Brick Radiator

Ammonia Liquor Apparatus

PROCESS II

Process II method uses the same low heat procedure to perform a roughgas fractionating followed by thermal classification of the gases intolight and heavy molecular weights for subsequent use in other processes.This process is essentially like first except for the incorporation ofrotating apparatus functions to facilitate a substantial increase inproduction. The associated apparatus forms comprise:

Rotating Feedstock Extruder Capable of Dual Extrusion

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Rotary Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Rotary Fuel Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Gas Collection Chamber Apparatus and System

Center-Fire Spool Checker Brick Radiator

Raw Gas Collector

Thermal Diffusion Apparatus

Ammonia Liquor Apparatus

PROCESS III

Process III method comprises use of similar apparatus, but with addedextruder adaptation for the injection of chemicals and gases. The use ofmaximum temperatures and pressures are applied. The equipment impartshigh velocities to the gases produced, as well as providing means todrive a high velocity flame past multiple fuel injection points of thecenter-fire circulation fire loop system. This is accomplished with anauxiliary power input from a plurality of pulsing Ramjet Engineexhausts. After high temperature firing of the feedstock the emphasis isto provide gas cleaning and refining so a finite division of hot gasescan be classified by molecular weight and mass using a series ofseparation means. The associated apparatus forms comprise:

Feedstock Extruder Capable of Dual Extrusion

Rotary Vacuum Apparatus the Extruder

Chemical/Gas Injection Apparatus at the Extruder

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Rotating Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Rotating Fuel Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Gas Collection Chamber Apparatus and System

Center-Fire Spool Checker Brick Radiator

Ram-Jet Flame Drive Apparatus

Thermal Diffusion Gas Collection and Division Apparatus

Hollow Ball Dry Cleaning Apparatus & System

Renewable Cathode Gas Ionization Apparatus

Parabola/Centrifugal Collimation Apparatus & System

Cyclotronic Molecular Division Apparatus & System

While employing forms of generic apparatus the III Process emphasis isentirely different from that of I and II systems. The extrusion functionis identical except for rotating features, but the heating system asnoted earlier is augmented with a Ramjet that drives the heat and flamethrough the circuit at great speed and intensity. This creates higherheats and speeds the passage of the feed-stock in heat exposure as wellas accelerates the generation of gases. The gas temperature ismaintained at the highest levels possible without gas destructionthroughout the process so there are no liquors and tar.

In the III Process a gas cleaning system uses a Hollow Ball of titaniumor ceramic material is use as a form of media to provide a particulatecollection method for cleaning the gas with dry means so there is nochange of chemistry during the cleaning process. The III Processcompletes the gas refinement to an extreme in that every effort is madeto reduce this large gas volume to finite parts by the use of massiveelectron generation for ionized bombardment of the gas volume to createmolecular disassociation.

PROCESS IV

Process IV makes use of a single extrusion extruder moving a mediathrough the annulus between a rotating absorber tube and an inner statictube shaped on each of their enclosing faces with means to churn themedia in passage and thereby mix the gas content. The associatedapparatus forms comprises:

Divided and metered gas volume recombined using a multi-port extrusionnozzle that conducts these individually into an inert mass of media orcatalyst functioning as a carrier for the newly combined gas. The mediaand hot gas content rise in a column that churns in the annulus spacebetween an absorption tube and a static internal supporting tube that isa conduit for high heats or intense cold liquid so the gas mix in thecatalyst media reacts in the heat condition to reform, while in the coldcondition of an inert media there is a fast temperature drop andliquefication of the chemical/gas/liquid mix.

Before the gas mix has reached the top level of perforation location inthis absorption tube it has reacted with heat, or becomes a liquid ifcold is applied, and in either case is collected as it flows from thetop-perforations into an evacuated collection chamber which isphysically not unlike the Gas Collection Chambers of the Processes I, IIand III, particularly with respect to the hot reaction process. There isa greater difference in the cold application.

Control of metering or a form of titration to delivery gases andchemicals to the nozzle of the extruder is the critical factor in thesuccess of this IV Processor. The controls for heat and cold, as well asthe rotational speeds, seals and the like are relatively simple toachieve.

PROCESS V

Process V is a branch procedure that follows the generation of any ofthe gases growing out of these processes, or can be applied to naturalgas, or coal or gas origin stack gas. Its primary function is tocompress gas at very high temperatures and pressure, but with a novelshock impact against a captured increment of gas that is violentlycompacted and driven past a pressure relief value into a closely coupledhot catalyst tower that is pulsed by this impact and heated primarily bythe heat generated in this Sub-Sonic Shock Steam Reforming function. Theapparatus forms associated with these processes are:

High Compression Chamber Apparatus

Nucleate Bubble Piston Apparatus

Ram Impact Mechanism Apparatus

Increment Gas Compression Chamber Apparatus

Piston Shock Arresting Apparatus

Radial Multi-Cylinder Compression Apparatus

Steam Attemperation Apparatus Form

Free Energy Close Coupling of Compression and Reactor

Fluid Bed Effect in the Mounting of the Reactor

The objective of this method is not to replace the normal reactionchemistry of natural gas reforming, but is introduced as a "tool"involving a relatively small and easily maintained "engine-like"apparatus that can compact molecular gas and fracture the molecules withsubsequent passage to a conventional catalyst procedure and steamejector jet-cycle condensing while reforming with procedures unlikethose used now.

The apparatus for this purpose is a ported device in which the transferof gases and steam is accomplished with minimum external piping so theheat generated is conserved within the compression body and the coolingfunction, using low temperature steam, creates saturated steam withinthe walls of the cylinders that converts to superheated steam which isthen passed to compression and used in the hydrocarbon reformingfunction while exhaust steam provides jet-cycle refrigeration.Combustion ignition frequency or cycling is maintained by imbeddedadjustable relief ball check valves that regulate the gas passage frompoint to point within the unit as it reacts to the rising and fallingpressures within the cylinder wall storage areas, compression spaces andthe combustion chambers while a control loop monitors piston speed witha laser light beam broken by the piston travel.

PROCESSING STEPS IN THE DUAL EXTRUSION OF A FEEDSTOCK THE DUAL EXTRUDER

A dual feedstock tube is extruded ranging from six to eighteen inches indiameter with a wall thickness ranging from one-half inch to two inches.An Extrusion Means prepares a dual tube of feedstock of ore or wastematerial.

with Means at the extruder nozzle

to introduce a second fire resistant extrusion inside the first one.

Means at the extruder nozzle to vacuum the ore or waste as it compressesin the extruder.

Means at the extruder nozzle to use a plurality of streamlined piping;

over which the extruded feedstock divides, flows and closes.

through which the extruding feedstock is vacuumed of air;

through which gas is forced into the evacuated feedstock space;

through which a liquid fuel is put inside the extrusion tube center;

through which a gas fuel is put inside the extrusion tube center,through which heat and flame is injected inside the extrusion tube;

There are ancillary features of this extrusion technique;

Means can be provide in the extruder nozzle so it rotates thestreamlined piping can be hard fastened to the nozzle;

or be mounted to annular sleeves means on the nozzle that is providedwith cooled mechanical/carbon/carbide seals providing rotatability.

All of which is intended to place intense heat inside the feedstock tubecenter.

VACUUMING OF FEEDSTOCK MATERIAL

As it is extruded the feedstock is evacuated of air and Gas/ChemicalInjections are made after evacuation of the feedstock as it movesthrough the nozzle. A second extrusion material is extrudedsimultaneously as a lamination Lining inside the Initial Feedstock Tube.

This lining comprises materials that melt and fuse into the inside wallof the feedstock tube to seal its inner surface with a "glaze" ornon-permeable face affording an encapsulating gas seal while permittingefficient direct heat penetration.

The extrusion nozzle is attached to Streamline Piping that providesmeans to permit feedstock heat treating material, fuels, oxygen and fireand flame to enter openings reaching the center of the feedstock tube asit is flows over these pipes, closes after passes to reforms so thefuels and fire enter a complete and intact tube form. The feedstock andinternally laminated tube are forced from the extruder nozzle through adie extension block that is an

THE INTERMEDIATE EXTENSION

This comprises an internal helical gear form that accommodates thetransition from a static extruder to a rotational mode.

The Intermediate Drive Unit makes possible a speed change.

with means comprising a internal involute helical gear die;

that can be driven to rotate or remain static;

into which the extrusion tube is force from the extruder nozzle;

so its extrusion outside diameter engages the gear teeth;

the helical form of which causes the extrusion to twist;

as means to accommodate the speed of the Absorber Receiver;

as the extrusion enters the large tapered end of this long tube;

where the extrusion's heat treatment begins and ends.

This twist engagement accommodates speed change from static to rotation

ABSORBER RECEIVER TUBE

The Rotating Absorber Receiver Tube is the primary support for theextrusion;

with entrance means comprising a large tapered opening;

into which the twisting extrusion telescopes and is compressed to wringout the gear tooth outer surface;

as it is forced in a slipping fit as the rotating taper reduces;

the means for joining the outside of the extrusion against theAbsorber's walls that have small perforations along its entire length;through which gases and liquors exude;

as the heat and radiation of the tube's center-fire intensifies;

This Tube functions as an "Absorber" as it permits the exuding ofconstituents

The tube is a metal or ceramic support that is perforated and rangesfrom fifteen to one hundred feet in length, or height. This tube rotateson a common axis with a rotating or stationary extruder at a speedranging from 10 to 100 rpm.

With moderate rotation of the Absorber Retention Tube the ExtruderNozzle can be held stationary and all piping made "hard". The "slip" ofthe material provides a type of "pottersweel effect" as the extrudedtubes are passed from the static end of the extruder through the endintermediate Gear Extension that while static actually turns the tube asit moves across the helical gear teeth and moves into the rotatingAbsorber Retention Tube. Centrifugal forces in the rotation of theAbsorber Tube help in holding this somewhat plastic hot material againstthe inside wall of this tube, particularly at the higher speeds.

Absorber Tube End Bearings and Mechanical Seals

The long Absorber Retention Tube is supported on proper thrust andradial bearings. It is perforated with slots, slits or normal roundperforations and mounted to accommodate heat expansion and is equippedwith rotary seals so its top and bottom so it can be mounted in a fixedstator-like enclosing

Steam Jets Scrubbers

Inside the chamber are directed at the Absorber Retention Tube's outersurface to provide a temperature differential from that of the feedstockand glaze lining that interfaces the heat and encapsulates the feedstockon its opposite face. This cooler absorber retention tube outer wall isheld in a range 200 to 400 degrees F. below that of the feedstockbetween it and the center fire heat. These jets also create a vortex ofrevolving gases.

As the extruded feedstock with its protective internal tube laminationmove upward inside the Absorber Retention Tube and into the center-fireheat, the inner lamination's protective material fuses into thefeedstock and forms the "glaze" that encapsulates its inside surface.

Absorber Tube Perforations

The perforated side of the Absorber Retention tube provides a "muffling"heat condition in spite of the perforations because the chamber outsideof the Absorber Receiver Tube is evacuated at the operation start andafter filling with gas there is no oxygen to decrease muffling. As thefeedstock moves upward it slides in the perforated Retention Tubebecause liquids are driven to the interface of the feedstock and theinner surface of the Retention Tube. The liquors bubbles throughperforations with gases urged by centrifugal force, the movement of heattoward cooler surfaces and capillary action.

Coke or Soft-Char Delivery at Top End

At the top of the Retention Tube the hardened feedstock is broken as apyrolized material and falls under a cooling steam spray that produces aflammable "producer's gas" that is captured to provide a fuel. The heatrequired in this system is provided with a mix of natural gas, highpressure air/oxygen and "producer's-gas" or "water-gas" from cooling ofnear-incandescent coke or soft char by-product of the gasified feedstockas is broken to fall away at the top of the Absorber Receiver Tube.Heavy particulate products accumulate at the bottom and contribute tothe liquor viscosity, while tars go to the decanter.

CENTER-FIRE

The Center-Fire Heat Regeneration System is the primary heating in which

a radiation means as a holed fire brick hanging in the extrusion centerinto which oxygen is introduced at a plurality of levels;

as Ram-jet exhaust means drive flame from gas ignition past theselevels;

to intensify the flame with the radiator brick making them;

incandescent and within inch fractions of the extrusion surface as itspassage is insulated by the fire resistant line to provide a muffledfiring of the feedstock content of the extrusion.

This provides a flame loop passing through the Extrusion Tube and GasChamber

A high velocity flame is driven through the center of the feedstockextrusion as it moves in the Absorber Tube. The flame is augmented bythe radiation of a long hanging firebrick radiator that is a holedapparatus into which oxygen is introduced in pulses at different level.This stimulates the passing flame and superheats this radiator that isclose to the liner surface of the feedstock tube that is passing.

THE GAS COLLECTION CHAMBER

The Gas Collection Chamber is evacuated of air as the process starts. Inthe low temperature type of operation this enclosure functions as afractionating tower after heat builds in the Absorber Retention Tube andgases and liquors are expelled to this space.

The Gas Collection Chamber totally encloses the Absorber Receiver Tube.

with means for evacuation as the process starts for elimination of airso the gases and liquor extruded from the Absorber Receiver do notbecome fouled as they are super-heated by

means of finned fire tubes carrying the Absorber Receiver flame return;

as gases pass these and vortex around the circular chamber;

driven by steam jet scrubber directed laterally across the AbsorberReceiver Tube Perforations to drive off gas and liquor as the lattermoves to the base for collection;

while the gases roughly stratify horizontally;

divided by molecular mass/weight fractions on levels where

means comprising cupped shaped tube ends create eddy currents so gasesare tapped off by

means for the pulsed opening of valves;

that open to a plurality of Raw Gas Receivers

mounted on the Gas Collection Chamber walls;

at different gas fractionation levels

Collection Chamber Pulsing

In the high temperature processes a series of openings ranging from thetop of the of the Gas Collection Chamber are uniformly spaced verticallyand around its cylindrical form. A valve controls each opening. Theseare opened one at a time. The pause between openings is uniform andprovides a modulated pulse of pressure in the Chamber.

Opening exhaust ports one at time permits time for gas strataaccumulation THE RAW GAS RECEIVER

The Raw Gas Receiver's are vessels that attach to the Gas Collector'swalls;

with means to maintain them at a slightly lower temperature;

than that within the Gas Collection Chamber while additional;

means provide for intermittently opening valves that deliver hot gasesto these Receivers in pulses so the gas can pass beyond to the ThermalDiffusion chamber that follows.

There is an ancillary feature in that these Raw Gas Receivers are placedat a number of different levels to accept rough gas fractions; with theinput valves controlled by a remote modulating controller pulsing theoutput of the valve group that are opened one at a time.

Raw Gas Collection Tubes

Tubes extend Raw Gas Receiver valves two thirds of the Chamber'sinternal space between its outer wall and outer diameter of the AbsorberRetention Tube. This reduces the collection of heavy liquor vaporscondensing on the outer wall of the Chamber. The ends of the collectiontubes are fitted with an eddy current device to cause gas dwell at theseopenings. As a valve is opened to a cooler chamber the dwelling gases gointo these external Raw Gas Receiver Units.

Raw Gas Receivers at different levels deliver different rough gasfractions

Cleaned gases as delivered from the Raw Gas Receivers have come directlyfrom the Gas Collection Chamber and require further cleaning ofparticulate before further refining.

Liquids and Tars

These accumulate by gravity in a main at the unit base and are pumped toa decanting vessel where heavy elements are removed, tar (in the case ofcoal) and ammonia liquor (in the case of coal) and are circulated backfor the reintroduction of this liquor as jet sprays in the GasCollection Chamber. This liquor flashes into gases to combine with othergases.

THE LIQUOR PROCESSOR

A liquor product of gas production accumulates in the Gas CollectionChamber as

means comprising valve and pipe mains carry this liquid off to;

an adjoining an tower process for use of the liquor as;

means to wash stack-gas from the process in a tower scrubber;

means to pass it through settling and decanting to remove tars;

circulate it continuously to create a dense ammonia liquor;

means to deliver it back to the Gas Collection Chamber top level;

as spray feed to be reheated and degasified

to further increase viscosity,

and means to control take off based on specific gravity metering.

The Process produces Liquor and Tars with other By-products reworkednearby Stack Fume Gas

These gases are washed with liquors that are reintroduced to the bottomof the Gas Collection Chamber and the liquors are applied again as a topspray in the Gas Chamber as well. (Stack gases can be converted tocommercial product with use of the Process V procedures).

All process derived gases must be cleaned at this point before furtherrefinement or separation.

HOLLOW BALL CLEANING APPARATUS

The gases of Process III are subjected to a different non-fouling MediaCleaning System and separated with the intent to recombine theseseparations into a product on the site of the III Process with use ofthe IV Process that has not been described in the above material.

A Dry Cleaning Apparatus is used to separate particulate from gasemploys;

means comprising Hollow Balls that are of a specific size with holes ina specific number and size in each ball through which the gases pass inan upward path as the particulate accumulates on the ball inner andouter surfaces so they can be conveyed to a position where

means is provided for driving off the particulate as they rotate in theblast of carbon dioxide delivered from a long "Air Knife" Slit apparatusas they pass so;

means consisting of a vacuuming apparatus and carbon compactor canaccumulate the discarded particulate carbon for further refining

Roughly separated gases cannot be recombined so a plurality of CleaningProcesses are used IONIZATION OF GASES

Before division by the methods of this invention they require ionizationwith in this case massive electron beam bombardment.

Gas Ionization is critical to a finite molecular mass division andemploys

means to provide a renewable cathode of aluminum wire;

with sputtered spots of Zirconium at intervals as a "getter" in thindeposits to inhibit water forming in the passing gas as the;

means for moving the wire over a cone-like cathode support and

means comprising special metal bellows-form seals are pressurized by thepassing gas pressure on one side;

while an equal pressure is applied on the opposite side;

with use of a circulating carbon dioxide gas;

that passes over heat exchangers before returning to afford cooling tothe chamber enclosed wire spools and drive.

A large diameter cathode wire support-cone provides a massive electronsource.

THERMAL DIFFUSION GAS SEPARATION

Gases from the Raw Gas Receiver pass to an Electrostatic Accelerator anda Thermal Diffusion Apparatus employing a temperature differential todivide the gases into two classifications based on molecular weight. TheThermal Diffusion section of this unit has it its center a refrigeratedand shaped vessel suited to the application of electronic space charges.This is enclosed in turn by a heated and grounded jacket, spaceduniformly on all sides in relation to the internal vessel. The exitingports carrying the separated gases are fitted with electrically chargedcathode type electron generator accelerators to help expel the gases totheir respective cooling, drying and compression units. One of thesecombination units consisting of the Raw Gas Receiver and the ThermalDiffusion Unit, as described above, is located at each port level of theGas Collection Chamber. They are arranged in a "pipe organ" fashion withthe egress of each at the level of the port it serves. These ancillarychambers lend themselves to the use of selective catalysts on the innersurfaces. These would be of the heterogeneous type, Iridium, Osmium,Platinum, Rare Earth Elements, Rhodium and Ruthenium suited to theselection of specific gases. The renewable cathode is usable here also.

Vortexing and Molecular Mass Strata

The mass of gas varieties produced, regardless of the feedstockemployed, do not combine effectively and as the internal vortex motionprovide inside the Gas Collection Chamber and around the outside surfaceof the Absorber Retention Tube, in a direction opposite to its rotationscrubs the perforations as gases exude. Shaped fins are mounted on thecenter-fire return tubes and angled down to create some rough strata'sof common size and mass. These provide some gross fractionating bymolecular weight and mass at different levels.

A Thermal Diffusion Separator apparatus is based on hot/cold attraction

means comprising a cold vessel within a hot outer one;

with maintenance of a temperature difference between the two and withsurfaces charged oppositely using high voltages so the gases areseparated roughly by mole mass attraction to the different temperaturesurfaces as they pass

means comprising two electron gun cathode emitters for acceleration ofthe gas delivery as two fractions.

Two rough gas divisions for a first refining stage is done with thisprocess.

PARABOLA COLLIMATION AND DIVISION

A Parabola Collimation is used within a space under centrifugal forceinfluence into which the gas flow is introduced. The traveling gas masshas been ionized and is driven against a parabola to reverse itsdirection 180 degrees. This parabola is part of an expansion chamber inwhich the gases are subjected to a centrifugal force as they aredeflected in this way. All of these effects, expansion, deflection andpath alteration tend to separate the gas mass into a horizontal grossmolecular weight strata of classes. These horizontal series of bands ofgas divisions moved through wave-guide horizontal slits in a rectangularpiping to a following ending in the magnetic field of theSpectro-Cyclotronic Unit. It is in this last apparatus that the gasesare divided into a possible 38 divisions.

A Parabola/Centrifugal Collimation form of apparatus provides;

means for directing the rough gas division into; horizontal collimationmeans with the use of;

parabola shape surface that reverses gas path direction to force abounce from a right angle deflecting surface to; a plurality of radialpaths emanating from a center influenced by

means providing a centrifugal force the gas passes through to agitatethe varied molecular mass so the heavier move to the bottom and thelighter to the top of the circular space surrounded by

round means providing a series of horizontal slits with concave guideopening carrying the divided gases in wave-guide like slots in arectangular tube that ends in the magnetic field of the cyclotron.

A preliminary treatment to place separate gases of into horizontal massdivisions

MAGNETIC FIELD MOLECULAR MASS DIVISION

The Spectro-Cyclotronic magnetic field separation apparatus receivesthis stream of horizontal stratified gases at the edge of a circularmagnetic field, the force lines of which are perpendicular to the gasmovement. Here this stream of varied mass or mole weight gas plains iscaused to spin off to impact against an encircling barrier of verticalslit-like openings with razor sharp edge boundaries between each. Theseare the height of the space between the magnetic poles. The slits endopenings are piped to an arrangement of manifold valving that serve foradjustment combining in areas of spectral fallout of common gas whenthis occurs and also provide a final selective means of finite mole-massdivision.

A Cycotronic Magnetic Molecular Mass Separation apparatus in which;

means comprising round faced magnetic poles creating a magnetic field of1,000 to 10,000 perpendicular to the path of a gas stream delivery intothe field from the wave-guide-like multi-plane nozzle

with chamber means comprising a circular walled chamber in which finitevertical razor edged slits open to widening passages ending

at manifold/valving means for control of the gases that are divided asthey cross the magnetic field to spiral out in a spectrum of division atdifferent areas of the circular wall enclosure

This is the final gas division means of this invention providing 38possible divisions

SUB-SONIC SHOCK STEAM REFORMING

A mechanical gas compacting means comprising a plurality of free pistonsmoving against zero pressure inside a cylinder driven by steam orcombustion that impacts at once against two or more ram pistons locatedat their stoke terminus to close the said ram's opposite faces against agas increment retained in a confined area under heat and pressureconditions to drive this gas thus compressed over a check valve seriesending in an;

Sub-sonic Shock Steam Reforming is a branch process for reforming thegases produced by Processes I, II and III with;

means comprising special friction-free unattached pistons in a longcylinder axially arranged the pair move toward one another;

and means between them consisting of a chamber holding gases as;

other means comprising rams close/telescope into the chamber space; asthe said pistons strike these at once with a shock force as as thestrokes ends after their propulsion against zero pressure; to create asub-sonic shock condition in the chamber gases and

drive these gases over relief valve means into the presence of catalystto reform these gas as other forms of chemical gases.

There are ancillary features in the perforated surface of the pistons;through which steam is driven to form nucleate bubbles that serve tosupport the pistons in the cylinder without contact and provide themeans for high velocity movement.

Other ancillary features are the ability to use steam expansion; orcombustion of fuel gases for propelling the pistons.

Another is the use of optical, Doppler or sonic means to determine thepistons position and speed of movement in its cylinder travel.

For reforming of Process I, II and III gases, or Natural Gas, Stack Gas,Naphtha, etc.

UNSTABLE-STATE CATALYTIC REFORMING REACTION

Most of the heat required inside the tower reactor is supplied by theSub-sonic Shock Steam Reforming apparatus that is located directlybeneath it. The gas pulses of the shock and created a fluid bedcondition in the volume of catalytic beads held in the tower which helpsin the gas reforming function.

An Extruder with Media Catalyst and Gas Injection Means receives the gasprepared for reforming in the Sub-Sonic Shock Steam process with

means comprising an extrusion and nozzle to drive a single extrusion;

means comprising a catalyst media bead or carrier form that passes outof the nozzle into the annulus path in a rotating Absorber Tube

with mixing means comprising convex forms on the tube surface arrangedin a helical form that closely passes like forms on the outer StatorInner Tube wall that forms the annulus enclosure through which hightemperature flame and heat is driven

as means for heating the catalyst beads in their churning upward passagein the said annulus space though which pulsed gases pass from the staticextruder nozzle as delivered from the Sub-Sonic Shock Steam unit to movethrough

means comprising streamlined pipe that passes through the moving mediainside the extruder nozzle and beyond to the annulus space between therotating Absorber Receiver Tube and the Static Inner Tube center spacethat carries

the flame introduced here by means comprising streamlined pipe passingacross the nozzle and annulus feed to the rotating Absorber ReceiverTube that provides heat for the moving and churning catalyst throughwhich the reforming gas is moving.

The ancillary features of this processing step involve:

means for vacuuming the catalyst beads as they pass through the nozzlewith use of hard pipe connection to this static nozzle and

means for special added gas injection to the catalyst beads with use ofhard pipe connection to this static nozzle placed to add this gas aftervacuuming and exhausting air content of the media.

The Extruder and Nozzle are stationary here and provide for all thefeeds required.

HOT CATALYST MEDIA ROTATING ABSORBER RECEIVER TUBE

The Hot Catalyst Media Churning Rotating Absorber Receiver Tube is notunlike the others in Process I, II and III accept that the

perforation means is only provided at the top of the unit and the innersurface has the convex forms that facilitate the media churning.

Means comprising bearings and seals are mounted at each end of the tubeto accommodate the rotation and connection with the

means for gas collection that comprises a total enclosure into which thereformed gases flow from the top perforation openings for expansion andcooling so they can be compressed and stored.

This rotating tube turns around the Static Stator Tube to mix and heatthe catalyst

CRYOGENIC LIQUEFICATION OF GASES

This cold reforming system is based on extruding an inert mediacontaining injected metered gas volumes upward in an annulus spacebetween a rotating top perforated absorber tube and a static center tubethrough which cryogenic fluids are driven to cool these hot gases to aliquefication state in the compounding of a chemical.

The Extruder for inert Media and Gas Injection Means comprises

means comprising an extrusion and nozzle to drive a single extrusion;

means comprising a inert media bead or carrier form that passes out ofthe nozzle into the annulus path in a rotating Absorber Tube

with mixing means comprising convex forms on the tube surface arrangedin a helical form that closely passes like forms on the outer StatorInner Tube wall that forms the annulus enclosure through which liquidnitrogen is pumped and cold is applied

as means for cryogenically cooling the inert beads in their churningupward passage in the said annulus space through which gases pass thatare mixed as received from the Cyclotronic Magnetic Molecular Massdivision apparatus.

Means for injection of gas in this Extruder Nozzle involves a very largenumber of gas input ports that follow the means for vacuuming the mediaas in the extruder used in the hot system with the same apparatus

means comprising streamlined pipe that passes through the moving mediainside the extruder nozzle and beyond to the annulus space between therotating Absorber Receiver Tube and the Static Inner Tube center spacethat carries

the flame introduced here by means comprising streamlined pipe passingacross the nozzle and annulus feed to the rotating Absorber ReceiverTube to provide heat for the moving and churning inert media throughwhich the gas is moving.

The ancillary features of this processing step involve:

mean for vacuuming the catalyst beads as they pass through the nozzlewith use of hard pipe connection to this static nozzle and

means for high plurality of ports for add metered amounts of gasinjected into the inert media with use of hard pipe connection to thisstatic nozzle placed to add the metered gas increments after vacuumingand exhausting air.

APPARATUS FORMS

The following list is comprised of the various apparatus forms that areused in connection with the Processes I, II and III IV and V of thisinvention. In many cases these are essentially the same apparatus formsbut with slight modification to accommodate the particular functions ofthe Processes in which they apply. For example in the case of hot versuscold there are differences in construction with respect to thecoefficient of expansion factors, but they can be constructed of thesame metals and be generally the same design.

In the description that follows these are individually described as todesign and function in the order set forth below with the applicableprocesses in which they apply indicted by Roman Numerals I, II, etc.This same division and ordering with respect to these apparatus forms isused in the "Objects of the Invention" and the "Claims". It is hopedthat this may be helpful in the ultimate division that will be requiredin this work.

1. A Feedstock Dual Extrusion Apparatus, I, II, III.

2. Rotating Feedstock Extruder Dual Extrusion Apparatus I, II.

3. Static Vacuum Apparatus at the Extruder I, II, III.

4. Rotary Vacuum Apparatus at the Extruder I, II.

5. Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder I, II, III.

6. Rotary Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder I, II.

7. Fuel Injection Apparatus in Extruder I, II, III.

8. Rotary Fuel Injection Apparatus in Extruder I, II.

9. Multi/Gas Injection Apparatus at the Extruder IV.

10. Reconstitution Media Extrusion Nozzle Apparatus IV.

11. Static Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus I.

12. Rotary Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus II, III, IV.

13. Rotating Absorber Receiver Tube Apparatus I, II, III, IV.

14. Center-Fire Spool Checker Brick Radiator I, II, III.

15. Ram-Jet Flame Drive Apparatus II, III.

16. Ammonia Liquor Apparatus I, II.

17. Gas Collection Chamber Apparatus and System I, II, III.

18. Raw Gas Collector I, II, III.

19. Thermal Diffusion Gas Collection and Division Apparatus I, II.

20. Hollow Ball Dry Cleaning Apparatus & System I, II, III.

21. Renewable Cathode Gas Ionization Apparatus II, III.

22. Parabola/Centrifugal Collinmation Apparatus & System II, III.

23. Cyclotronic Molecular Division Apparatus & System II, III.

24. Static Support Tube Hot Extruder Injection IV.

25. Rotating Static Support Tube Hot Extruder Injection IV.

26. Static Support Tube Cold Extruder Injection IV.

27. Rotating Static Support Tube Cold Extruder Injection IV.

28. Reaction Tower Hot Catalyst Media System IV.

29. Reaction Tower Cold Inert Media System IV.

30. Steam Attemperation Apparatus I, II, III, IV, V.

31. Nucleate Bubble Piston Apparatus V.

32. Ram Impact Mechanism Apparatus V.

33. Increment Gas Compacting Chamber Apparatus V.

34. Piston Shock Arresting Apparatus V.

35. Radial Multi-cylinder Apparatus V.

36. Fluid Bed Effect in Bottom Connection to Reactor V.

(The patent illustrations and the descriptions submitted here are verydetailed and should be helpful in a full understanding of the methodsand apparatus).

PROCESS I

A Feedstock Extruder Capable of Dual Extrusion

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Fuel Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Gas Collection Chamber Apparatus and System

Center-Fire Spool Checker Brick Radiator

PROCESS II

Rotating Feedstock Extruder Capable of Dual Extrusion

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Rotary Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Rotary Fuel Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Gas Collection Chamber Apparatus and System

Center-Fire Spool Checker Brick Radiator

PROCESS III

Feedstock Extruder Capable of Dual Extrusion

Rotary Vacuum Apparatus at the Extruder

Chemical/Gas Injection Apparatus at the Extruder

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Rotating Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Rotating Fuel Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Gas Collection Chamber Apparatus and System

Center-Fire Spool Checker Brick Radiator

Ram-Jet Flame Drive Apparatus

Thermal Diffusion Gas Collection and Division Apparatus

Hollow Ball Dry Cleaning Apparatus & System

Renewable Cathode Gas Ionization Apparatus

Parabola/Centrifugal Collinmation Apparatus & System

Cyclotronic Molecular Division Apparatus & System

PROCESS IV

Reconstitution Media Extrusion Nozzle Apparatus

Rotary Vacuum Apparatus at the Extruder

Multiple Chemical/Gas Injection Apparatus at the Extruder

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Static Support Tube for Hot and Cold Transit

Rotating Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Rotating Cryogenic Tube Injection Apparatus at Extruder

Reaction Tower Hot Catalyst System Apparatus

Reaction Tower Liquid Nitrogen Cold System Apparatus

PROCESS V

High Compression Chamber Apparatus

Nucleate Bubble Piston Apparatus

Ram Impact Mechanism Apparatus

Increment Gas Compression Chamber Apparatus

Piston Shock Arresting Apparatus

Radial Multi-Cylinder Compression Apparatus

Steam Attemperation Apparatus Form

Free Energy Close Coupling of Compression and Reactor

Fluid Bed Effect in the Mounting of the Reaction comvo2.doc

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

When the original patent application was filed on this work it wasapparent that a means to enhance the Btu values of low grade coal andperhaps liquefy it for convenience in handling would be significant andif waste plastic offered a source for Hydrogen for addition to this coalas part of the liquefication process the economics might prove veryfavorable.

Waste Collection

The processing of coal involves train-load tonnage and the processing ofthe needed volumes of waste plastic to enhance this coal would involvethe collection of material from urban locations scattered nationwide.Ideally this light-weight highly air-entrained product should be reducedto a liquid at each site so it could be easily transported to aprocessor for addition to the coal, as for example at the coal mine.

In view of this a mobile or portable process could be a majorcontribution in overcoming the capital requirements in reduction ofplastic waste to a liquid at the collection site.

The processing of the entire garbage mass is incredibly involved in thatsome form of compression must be employed for the removal of substantialamounts of the entrained liquors and water. The remaining mass can behandled with the gasification of this mass of organic and inorganicpolyglot material in the fire reduction system of this invention.

Plant Size

There are three elements involved in this type of program: (1) severalsubstantial sized plants for the processing of the garbage mass wouldhave to be located strategically and nationally; (2) plants suited tothe processing of low-grade coal with locations at or near the mines orthe power plants; and (3) small preliminary processors that can be takenfrom one collection site to another in a rotational program.

The processes of this invention address these varied problems with theindividual systems and apparatus elements that are a part of the overallintegrated process.

Combining Coal and Plastic

The overall solutions to the upgrading of a low-grade coal and thedisposition of waste materials is only possible with use of a systemlike that of the Vacuum-enclosed Encapsulated "Feedstock" subjected toan Intense heat source to produce very hot gases, as in this invention.This comprises the "front-end" of this overall process, followed bycleaning, ionization, separation and molecule division as preliminarysteps to the final "back end" of the procedure comprising gasreconstitution by Cryogenic Liquefication Media Mixing in production ofusable Chemicals that are the produce of this process and invention.

Plastic waste materials can initially be reduced with a simple hightemperature steam system and cooling in vacua to form a brick-likeproduct for storage or shipment to a main processing facility forSub-Sonic Shock Steam Reforming to extract Chlorine so this can convertto the highly flammable liquid for addition to the coal in itsliquefication.

Marketable Gas Products from Coal

The gases extracted from the coal in this enhancement procedure becomethee cash products of this process. There are a series of ways toapproach the problem of handling the extracted gases. These compriseThermal Separation, Centrifugal Parabolic Impingement Collimation andfinally selection Ionization and delivery to a Magnetic CyclotronicSeparation System of gas strata section by molecular mass into as manyas 35 or 40 divisions. After all the useful gases have been extractedfrom low-grade coals the residual char product can be combined with thewaste plastic from which the Chlorine has been removed by dispersion ofthis pulverized char in a mix with the plastic enmass.

Liquefied Coal or a Pipe-line Fuel

This processing plan takes advantage of the recycling procedurespresently in existence that are used to divide the waste plastic fromthe garbage mass. These plastics provide a cross-section of pureHydrocarbons and, as noted, with Chlorine removed an effective liquefiedcoal can be produced if properly mixed using high performance dispersionmeans to produce a thixotrophic combination with the powdered coal charresidual from the gas extraction process.

All of the units proposed as parts of this process can be constructedwith far greater economy than normal chemical facilities.

Ancillary Steam Production with Waste Newsprint

Steam production is a critical part to these processes so a supportingboiler system has been invented as a means to provide the very hightemperature and pressure steam required at low capital and operationalcost. This is designed to make use of another waste as fuel. Newsprintwaste paper. The inventor is familiar with the fine shredding of thispaper in the production of a "fiberized" cotton-like material asaccomplished with a hammer mill. The product is explosively flammable.Newsprint reduced in this manner, with Ramjet forced draft system,recirculates flame past a large plurality of single uncoupled verticalboiler tubes that enclose hollow stainless steel balls filled withmercury providing a flash-steam source. These balls move up and down inthe tubes as steam is generated below them. As they are forced upward,water is drawn in beneath them through check valves. Heat is provided byfire passage in two directions. The balls have a loose fit required toallow some by-pass of steam and to iron out the nucleate bubbles formedon the tube walls inhibiting steam generation. "Nucleate" bubbles arewell-known in steam generation. Their elimination can provide a highlyefficient high temperature boiler with less space, simpler and fewertubes. The fast ball excursion and introduction of cooler water in eachcycle prevents the overheating normally associated with nucleatebubbles. The effect of nucleate bubble is a melt-down of the boilertubes. In this invention the single vertical tubes with the constantintroduction of new water prevent this from happening. Steam from thissystem is suitable for operation of a steam turbine coupled with anelectrical generator. There can be ample capacity to handle all thepower and steam needs of the processes while providing surplus capacityto add to the public utility power grid.

The urban recycler has three benefits from this energy source . . . thesteam for the processing, co-generated power to put on the utility grid,and a very high quality carbon by-product (if newsprint is the exclusivefuel) that is salable at a very high price.

Cryogenic Gas Reconstitution

The Cryogenic Gas Mixing system of this invention is a large scale plantfacility and the final step in handling the Gases produced and separatedby various means so they can be Reconstituted as usable ChemicalLiquids. This plant would probably be located in one location as a large"Hydrocarbon Refinery" comprising the Encapsulated Fire Reduction andGasification processor. The Cryogenic Gas Reconstitution operation wouldbe here to.

The Current Processes for Coal Reduction

There are three fundamental ways currently known for converting coalinto desirable liquids and gaseous fuels: (1) removal of carbon to alterthe hydrogen-to-carbon ratio--known as Pyrolysis; (2) the addition ofhydrogen to alter ratio of hydrogen to carbon--known asHydroliquefaction; and (3) the Synthesis of Hydrocarbons from carbonmonoxides and hydrogen using the Fisch-Tropsch technology. Raw coal hasa carbon-hydrogen ratio less than unity while 2 parts of carbon to 15 ormore of hydrogen are needed for a proper liquid fuel.

The Fire-Reduction Process of this Invention

The process of this invention for Vacuum-Encapsulated Fire Reduction orthe atmospherically controlled carbonization of coal as brieflydescribed in this invention and in my prior U.S. patent application Ser.No. 08/190,754 can function to qualify under all three of the conditionsdescribed in above procedures.

The Sub-Sonic Shock Steam Reforming of this Invention

With the Hydrocarbon gases derived from the Sub-sonic Shock SteamReforming of Waste Plastics using the process of this invention,liquefication can provide the additives required for raising theHydrogen levels in a Soft-Char by-product taken from Low-Grade Coal.

Opportunities in Coal Products

Thousands of products can be derived from coal. These exist in thelow-grade coal as well as the coals approved by EPA for consumption. Theprocesses of this invention teach methods for the reduction of low gradecoal to separate the chemical constituents as gases, liquor and tars,leaving a soft char residue. Using the very low cost waste plastic asfeedstock in a secondary Sub-Sonic Shock Steam Reforming facility, anarray of Hydrocarbons are provided for use as additives to enhance theburnability of this soft char. The Btu levels of a liquefied coal withthese additions can be made equal to a fuel oil or natural gas so theliquid-soft-char mix converts to an effective liquid coal fuel. Thelow-grade coal residue also converts with this procedure into an easilytransported power plant pipe-line coal liquor. Other products growingout of the waste plastic conversion, together with the gas chemicalsderived from the coal reduction process, provide the basis for an entirespectrum of marketable items, making these integrated processes and thevariable and cross-tie relationships within them, what is in effect thebasis for the establishment of a Hydrocarbon Refinery that functionstotally unlike a Petro-Chemical Refinery which has total dependence oncrude oil as a feedstock.

Coal Refining Products

Two forms of "carbonization" are used in coal reduction processing: (1)high-temperature procedures (900-1,200 degrees C) and (2)low-temperatures (500-750 degrees C).

Unlike coking, the processing of low grade coals to extract the sulfur,water and chemicals is conducted with a low temperature procedure, butthis is followed with super-heating of the extracted gases to very hightemperatures so that almost all the material extracted as solids orliquors can be converted to gases. The Fire Reduction process of thisinvention comprises both of these carbonization forms.

Crude Tar

This is the gross tar after separation from the ammonia and other gasesthat are distilled away in a procedure called "topping". This driveschemicals out and leaves a high-boiling viscous tar. Typically thedistillate from this operation has an upper boiling point of 250 degreesC and contains, (1) phenols as tar acids, (2) naphthalene, which is mostprevalent (6-10%, (3) pyridine-type bases (tar bases) and (4) neutraloils.

Tar Acids

These represent about 1.5 to 3% of the coal tar and are recovered usinga caustic solution to extract the chemical oils. The aqueous layer isseparated from the dephenolized (acid-free) oil. The phenols arerecovered from the crude form of acidification (springing) of theaqueous solution, usually by injecting carbon dioxide, followed bygravity settling. The crude phenols then are fractionated to obtainphenol, creosols and the higher boiling phenols (mostly as xylenols).

Tar Bases

Aqueous solutions of mineral acids are used to extract these from thedephenolized oil. In the European practice, topping is carried out sothat several fractions are obtained: carbolic oil that yields phenolsand lower-boiling bases and naphthalene oil from which napthalene isrecovered by crystallization. The Tar Bases form water-soluble saltswith mineral acids which are separated from the oil. They are recoveredfrom their salts by contacting with aqueous alkali (springing) andseparating the crude bases from the salt solution. The lutidinesconstitute the major part of the lower boiling bases.

Solvent Naphtha

The lower-boiling fraction of the neutral oil is a very powerfulsolvent, particularly coatings containing coal tar and pitch. Thematerial is also a source of unsaturated compounds such as indene and,in a small amount, coumarone and the homologues of these compounds.Resins are formed in situ from these when solvent naphtha is treatedwith Friedel-Crafts type catalysts. These are resins used in inexpensivefloor tiles and coatings.

Naphthalene

This compound is marketed principally for the production of phthalicanhydride. It is sometimes concentrated by distillation, and the oil isworked up by crystallization. It can be isolated by carefulfractionating and the product is usually measured for purity based onfreezing point (80.3 degrees C).

Topped Tar

This is a tar used for highway construction. It is the residue remainingfrom the topping operation to remove oils.

Creosote

This product is derived from a distillation process in the refinement oftopped tars. It is largely used as a wood preservative. A number ofproducts can be extracted from creosote with great difficulty but thefractions are so small as to make the processes unprofitable. One ofthese, Anthracene, is the exception and is a colorless, crystallinetricyclic hydrocarbon obtained in distillation of the coal tars. It isobtained from a coal tar fraction that is a heavy green oil and, whenpure, is luminescent.

Pitch

This product is a black shiny tar that is hard when cool and has avariety of melting points, so it is usually evaluated based on a"softening point". It is the tank bottom in Creosote distillation.

It is noteworthy that most of the processing procedures described herewith respect to coal refining products could be produced by the hotgasification, molecular weight selection and cryogenic liqueficationmethods and apparatus of this invention without the involvementdescribed.

The exception is the initial extraction of liquor and tar from the frontend process. The difference in the existing processes and the one ofthis invention is the emphasis upon intensifying the liquor bycontinuous recirculation and progressive evaporation so the vapors andgases can be driven off to the gas process phase, leaving a minimum ofliquor and tar to be handled in the conventional manner as described.Ideally almost full distillation would be the final goal.

*Data taken from Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition,1983

Coal Processing Detail

Low grade coals are usually high in sulfur content and water, but theheat energy required to reduce this coal and extract the constituents isprohibitively expensive with the present coking or other pyrolizingsystems as now practiced.

The method described in my copending U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/190,754 is a process method series with forms of apparatus that canbe economically used for such extractions.

In the reduction portion of this process the feedstock of low grade coalis pulverized and extruder fed as a large tubular shape into a longperforated tube. The inside diameter of the coal tube form is lined witha second thin clay/silica extrusion coat that serves as theencapsulating flame insulator and heat conductor. This permits directflame exposure. An intense fire is driven through the center of thistube by Ramjet means to provide flame circulation and heat a holedceramic radiator in the tube center. Sulfurs are captured in a highspecific gravity liquor topping a tar product. A soft-char-carbonresidue is the final "by-product", unlike the usual coke, which is the"prime product" associated with normal coal reduction. This hotcoal-char tube is broken up and cooled with water jets to produce a"water-gas" or "blue-gas" which is primarily

    C+H.sub.2 O=CO+HC+2H.sub.2 O+CO.sub.2 +2H.sub.2

This is used to augment the natural gas/oxygen fuel combination used inthe system.

Chemical gases driven off the heated coal tube-form as it is rising inthe column of this process escape through openings in the perforatedsupport tube into a super-heating chamber from which they pass in turnto a dry cleaning procedure. This gas mass is then separated bymolecular weight division using a variety of optional means. Theseinclude thermal, centrifugal, cyclotronic and magnetic processes. Acryogenic liquefication means provides a way to combine this variety ofseparated gases into various chemical compounds using metered measuringprocedures. These processes and the associated apparatus are describedin some detail in my co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/190,754.

The Ammonia Liquor as produced in the coal reduction process is handledin a relatively normal manner, but with emphasis on recirculationthrough the heat and stack scrubber until a very intense high specificgravity liquid is produced.

*Ammonia NH₄ is recovered in a variety of ways, including a DirectMethod in which the vapor form above the liquor is captured fromdowncomers and trunks to pass through a saturator containing SulfuricAcid for absorption. A so-called indirect Process comprises scrubbingwith water and distilling in recovery of ammonia which can be used, or asystem called a Semi-indirect Method can also be employed.

The weak ammonia liquor accumulated at the top of the bottom tar tank,when heated, provides disassociation and creates "free ammonia". "Fixedammonia" requires a strong alkali for displacement and this operation iscarried out in an Ammonia Still to take ammonia from this source aswell.

A constant head tank provides a supply and uniform flow at the top ofthe still's "free-leg". Flow is down through bubble-cap plates against asteam stream providing heat for vaporization of the ammonia and someacidic gases. Liquor leaving the Still base passes to a calciumhydroxide "milk-of-lime" tank where the "fixed" ammonia salt has thefollowing reaction:

    2NH.sub.4 Cl+Ca(OH).sub.2 =Heat=2NH.sub.3 +2H.sub.2 O+CaCl.sub.2

Vapors leaving the Still are added to the venting gas stream andrecovered in Ammonia Absorbers. Here, dilute sulfuric acid sprays therising gas to form ammonia sulfate.

Crystals form and a slurry is pumped to a tank where the salt settles.The liquid overflows back to the ammonia absorber and the ammoniasulfate is dried to about 0.1% or less water fraction.

Weak ammonia liquor also yields a Phenol or Carbolic Acid when scrubbedas it flows down against an upward flow of Benzene or light oil. Thelatter rises to the top carrying the Phenol, and the remaining ammonialiquor passes out the bottom and back to reservoir.

The Phenol bearing oil or Benzene is passed through ceramic ball packedtower tanks of a caustic (Sodium Hydroxide) which reacts with the Phenolacids.

After a period of time a Sodium Carbolate product results which isboiled to remove entrained solvent and moisture. It is then neutralizedwith CO₂ to free crude Phenols and Phenol Homologues.

The Benzene or light oils are released and returned to the process wherethey are processed separately. They represent about 20 pounds per ton ofcoal processed. The Benzene represents about 60 to 85%, Toluene 6 to17%, Xyene 1 to 7% and Solvent Naphtha 0.5 to 3%. There are about 100minor constituents that require extreme processing procedures to extractby conventional means. However, with the hot gas extraction process ofthis invention followed by division based on molecular weight andreconstitution as liquids with cryogenic means, these recoveries shouldbe significantly greater and the processing greatly simplified.

The intense Ammonia Liquor process and piping is illustrated as a partof the recirculatory function of this invention. The subsequent ammonialiquor and light-oil processing is described above to demonstrate anormal follow-on process to produce these products which would belargely supplanted with gas extraction procedures of this invention.

*Data from The Shaping and Treating of Steel, USS corp. 1971

The intent of my invention is to create a dense liquor above the tarreduction and to continually recirculate this so the vapors areconstantly accumulated and driven into the super-heated gas stream. Inthis way virtually all of the constituents can be recovered with farless complication using the means for gas molecular weight division andreconstitution as liquids with the Cryogenic means as described in myco-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/190,754.

Waste material of all types, as well as coal, can be treated in thisprocess and subjected to the same high temperatures. The feedstock, mustbe pulverized or otherwise reduced so it can be extruded. Theclay/silica insulator would require formulation adjustment for differenttypes of feedstock, rubber, garbage, waste carpet, hazardous materialand the like.

Chlorine Extraction from Waste Hydrocarbons

With a minimum temperature of 1,000 psi steam at 544.61 degrees F athreshold of saturated steam high enough in thermal value to convertreadily and intermittently a super-heated steam with the highcompression needed to reform a waste plastic using a detonated fuel gasto drive two or more special high velocity pistons against two or morerams located between the pairs of said rams to compact this isolatedincrement of the said super-heated steam and a waste plastic feedstock.At the starting saturated steam temperature of 544.61 degrees F, thissub-sonic shock force can overrun the injected saturated steam to reacha potential of 3,000 psi, 695 degrees F in the steam/gas held in thespace between the rams to reform and gasify the waste plastic.

Some waste plastics contain chlorine. During the shock process thechlorine present converts to HCL liquid.

As this shock happens a +Hydrogen Ion H₂ O+ or "Hydronion Ion"momentarily captures the negatively charged Chlorine Ion and then dies,with the result that the Chlorine gas is broken free from the PolyvinylChlorides and like plastics that make up the polyglot waste plastic mixwhen the unseparated material is used. In this way the Hydrogens arefreed from Chlorines which inhibit burning. The by-product would be HCLgas initially and with condensation would be come liquid HCL acid. Anadjustable high pressure relief valve at the bottom of the cylinderpermits the flow of Hydrocarbons, HCL gas and other gases to a secondarypressure chamber and through an orifice into a larger space. A Nickel orother catalyst presence is provided in this pressure chamber andfollowing chambers as required. The orifice into the expansion tankprovides a cooling function to bring temperatures down to thoseassociated with normal reforming processes. The following tower chamberis a conventional apparatus comprising a tall tube with gases enteringat the bottom. It can function as a fractionating tower with bubble capsat ten to twelve levels in a range of three to four feet in heightspace. Taps at these levels permit testing of the fractionated gases sothat the tap levels can be determined for a respective feedstock forrecovery of the desired fractioned product.

Gases can be converted to a simple hybrid alcohol liquid with the onlyfractions deleted being CO₂ and HCL gas which, because they are heavy,can be readily separated. The gross hybrid gas when condensed as aliquid is a mix of alcohols quite suitable for the addition to mix withthe soft-char of the low grade coal fire reduction process. Thisadditive can provide the Hydrogen Btu enhancement needed to matchcombustion performance of fuel oil.

Fractionated, this hybrid gas separates into the saturated HydrocarbonAlcohols present in these plastics.

Selective use of proportioned amounts of specific waste plastic materialmake this latter type of processing much more effective in developing analcohol series with minimum of reprocessing requirements. This overallprocess is dedicated to the use of waste material and creates productsthat can be profitably converted from that waste.

It will be noted that the sum of these processes uses the Waste Glass(silica) for the liner inside the extruded coal or waste material tube.This is ground to a powder and with the addition of No. 6 clay forms theconductive insulation that prevents total burning of the feedstockmaterials. Use is made of the Waste Plastics for the alcohol productionand the Waste Newsprint paper for the fuel for the steam and electricalpower generation. The Water-gas from cooling the Soft-Char residue, fromwhatever feedstock is used, provides most of the fuel for theEncapsulated Fire Reduction Process with some augmentation using naturalgas and oxygen. Finally the Soft-Char and the Alcohols are combined tomake a liquefied Coal Fuel.

Feedstocks other than the Hydrocarbons of waste plastic can be used inthis process as well. The reforming function described here can apply toany material that will lend itself to chemical change under theconditions of pressure and heat in the presence of steam as described rethe Sub-Sonic Shock.

This type of Steam Reforming can be applied as part of a process forreforming Stack Gas, Natural Gas or Naphtha to a Methane, as an example.It can also be used for the very high pressure "squeezing" as applied toH₂ and O₂ for the formation of a rocket fuel.

SUB-SONIC STEAM REFORMING APPARATUS

In the preferred apparatus form of the piston, a ball approximately 1/3the diameter of the piston is trapped inside the piston and it functionsnot unlike a piston itself as it moves almost the length of the pistonin either direction along sealing surfaces. It is driven against thestop seals after moving in either direction as driven by gas combustionor steam expansion. Its opposite holed end drives over a smallerdiameter piston or ram to amplify the force of the combustion, steam orexplosive charge. The said smaller ram-piston opposite ends are shapedand fit within a second small cylinder space or chamber containing asealed in chemical gas increment against which all the force is appliedfrom two or more directions. Depending upon the size variations in thesepistons, this ratio of compression increase is limited only bymechanical considerations.

Piston/Cylinder and Ram Shock Compression

The piston/cylinder forms can have multi-annular planes that engage toprovide a plurality of compression spaces, one for air, another forpre-pressurizing feedstock and another for steam if desired. Thepiston's return stroke against a small ram piston at the opposite end ofthe cylinder can provide the means for compression of an isolatedincrement of fuel gas in the combustion system. The speed of pistonimpact is critical to the shock required in creating a hydrocrackingcondition which is the reason for opposed pistons and their simultaneousimpact. The addition of each piston pair multiplies the shock. One pairopposed provides a 2x factor. Six pair, radially arranged around acommon center, provide a 12x factor, and the plurality of compressionimpacts can reach the equivalent of a projectile moving at 5000 feet perminute.

The large outside diameter of the piston is the area against whichcombustion or steam expansion pressure is applied for its drive againstrelief ball checks that control movement of gases from one position toanother as pressures change in response to piston motion.

The Nucleate Bubble Piston Float

To achieve this high velocity, perforation holes in the piston wall areused to allow high pressure gas or steam to be delivered from the pistoninterior to the annular space between the piston and the cylinder. Thisspace is normally a close slip-fit, but here it is approximately twicethat of a normal piston/cylinder tolerance so a sufficient area isprovided for nucleate bubble formation and expansion.

"By-pass slip" has always plagued piston cylinder designers. Greateffort is made to achieve very close tolerances. Piston rings areemployed with overlapping sections and other means have been tried, butlargely to no avail. The slip persists because hot surfaces are hard tolubricate and wear develops that aggravates the problem. Here, theInventor is using the inescapable by-pass phenomena to advantage withelimination of lubrication needs and wear.

With piston cylinder temperatures at or near superheat levels in thebody of the unit as created by the driving force of steam or thecombustion gas, as well as the heat of compression at the reformingcenter, this combination of heat sources create a heat-machine. The useof this heat and its control, as it affects the interfacing temperatureof the piston and cylinder surfaces, is critical to the generation ofannulus space condensation between the piston and the cylinder walls asrequired for bubble formation and explosive expansion associated withthe capillary type of steam feed to the perforations on piston surfaces.

The pressure is used on either end of the piston to feed a minute volumeof steam through a plurality of small ports that deliver from the pistoncenter or rims to the outside diameter. Tiny nucleate bubbles of steamgas emerge from the piston outer diameter ports or perforations to formelongated bubble shapes as they expand and are drawn out from theirnormal spherical shape because of the piston motion.

Explosive Support

The effect of these expanding bubbles is that the pressure exerted inthis space causes the piston to be held at the center of the fit. As thebubbles try to escape to the piston ends, they tend to roll or be drawntoward the trailing end of the piston. A slight taper on the piston endof 2° to 5° provides a light driving force adding to the piston movementin the direction that the piston is driven.

Friction is eliminated as the free piston, unencumbered with rods orcranks, glides on these gas bubbles in this laminar film that is in achanging state. The minute laminar film volume at these temperaturesbreak apart into discreet spheres that close against one another and tryto move through the finite gap at the piston ends. They also tend toseal the perforations intermittently against further gas escape beforeeach one breaks off at a perforation.

It is well-known that when superheated vapor is exposed to a coldsurface below the steam saturation temperature surface, condensationtakes place. This water formation helps to seal the perforations againstescape, but as noted they separate into pressurized ball bearing-likebubbles. These nucleate steam bubbles form because of a difference intemperature between the cylinder wall and the piston surface. Thisdifference is critical and maintained with use of water-mist fedattemperation means.

A simple demonstration of this phenomena is shown by placing a short 1"round of steel on a flat end in the bottom of a water kettle. As thewater reaches the boiling temperature, the confined space under thebillet reaches a boiling state of nucleate bubble formation before therest of the water boils. A slight push sends the billet "skittering"across the kettle bottom.

There has been considerable study of Nucleate Boiling growing out ofattempts to eliminate this bubbling in boiler tubes. In the course ofthis, it has been found that bubbles occur over openings and evenscratches or minor surface imperfections. The bubbles grow in proportionto the size of the imperfection or hole. The openings or perforationused in this invention must be large enough to be produced withconventional machine tools (chemical procedures have drawbacks) and withholes as small as possible. Here the range should be in the order of0.020 thousandths of one inch to 0.050 thousandths of one inch indiameter.

Piston Check Valve "Ball" for Shock Control

As the piston stroke ends against the ram extension of the smaller rammentioned above, it moves through a slip fit opening in the pistoncenter against the internal movable ball backed by the gas driving forcewhich is expelled through a small orifice. The ball has an excursionalmost the length of the piston between two ball-seat seals at oppositeends of the bore. This impact against the ball moves it along its pathagainst the gas pressure to cushion the contact with the seal at thebore's opposite end. This absorbs some potentially destructive shock,but the main piston's motion continues as the ball is held between theseal and the ram face as the small ram piston reverses direction so itsopposite shaped end telescopes into the feedstock/steam volume spacefinally to arrest the main piston's travel. This force is compounded bya like opposing ram piston functioning in an identical manner on theopposite end of this said feedstock/steam compression space. If theradial assembly form is used, the force is multiplied more and the newlycompacted gas is expelled past the pressure relief valve at the centerthat opens to a catalyst reactor above.

Like the primary piston, the smaller ram or piston has the perforatedsurface fed by pressurized steam from center porting. These perforatedsurfaces in both piston/ram forms are provided in a sleeve that enclosesthe piston periphery and is supported by a finely threaded surface onthe outside diameter of the piston body. These threads have longitudinalcuts through their land tops that open to bored cross-holes, meeting oneor more axial parallel bores that receive the delivery of thepressurized steam from the piston ends. The linear grooves across thesupporting threads run parallel with the axis of the piston as well.

This does create a potential for minor additional by-pass, part of whichmust occur in any event, depending upon the piston/cylinder fit. This isparticularly true when very high temperatures and pressures areinvolved, even when all the material is of a like alloy. However, inthis case, some by-pass of stream or a combustion gas is not importantbecause the piston is totally isolated from the feedstock material.

As noted earlier, the procedure eliminated the need for delivery oflubrication common in such devices.

The primary objective in the design of this apparatus is to achieve theutmost in self-contained design simplicity; therefore the preferredcircuitry and electrical controls are remote to the apparatus which istoo hot for such attachment.

The monitoring and control of the free piston travel is critical.Primary control in the preferred method of this invention is use of anoptical system that passes a light beam delivered from a laser throughthe cylinder and across the piston path to impinge on sensing equipmentplaced a short distance from equipment and behind heat shields.

Optical Control

A laser or strobe light beam can pass directly through the cylinder wallwith use of very small and aligned platinum/kovar mounted quartz rodsused as windows.

Ceramic windows could serve in sonic applications. This remotemonitoring means eliminated heat exposure to the sensor and controlapparatus. Saturated steam is transparent and the inventor believes thethin veil of combustion gas as burned using natural gas is also nearly aclear medium when fired. With gas combustion, a polished piston bodyreflects light back through the same window, or doppler sensing can beemployed with a piston moving at these speeds and breaking the lightwith hundreds of minute holes breaking the polished surface'sreflections as dark non-reflecting voids that can work as a multiplexingfunction.

At least three stations are required for each cylinder enclosing apiston. The number depends upon the length of stroke. Interruption ofthese beams or reflection from piston velocity provide means to measurespeed and position as pulses are generated when the piston passes ineither direction. These are used to time the opening and closing ofconventional electrical circuits that in turn control valves, theignition in a combustion unit, and maintain a clock function. Theplurality of pistons are controlled by valves with a remote computercircuit so the pistons receive the ignition or steam burst driving forcestimulus simultaneously, and the exhaust in either piston direction isdone with progressive valve opening ahead of the piston on the drivingstroke for maximum velocity and on its return stroke as well.

Mechanical Control

Mechanical spring-loaded and direct mechanical contact means can beemployed with a sacrifice in piston velocity because of the slow springreaction and the complexity of apparatus. However some of these aredescribed and illustrated.

Several port positions are also provided for instruments in each module(it is anticipated that four would be located on a common circular lineat 90 degree intervals in each module) so temperature and pressure datacan be sent to a remote computer to trigger automatic ignition cut-offor steam injection if readings exceed settings. There is no need forignition control parts integral with the combustion unit other than aform of high temperature sparkplug.

Steam Throttle

In the steam drive, a four-way valve on the steam input is used tocontrol the speed of a separate unit housing a rotor driven by the steampassage. An extension of the rotor incorporates a rotary valve thatintermittently allows steam to pass in simultaneous bursts to the twoopposed pistons. Here the computer circuit control loop monitors thepiston return to the starting position and adjusts the steam input thatcontrols the speed of the rotor to open and close flow in maintainingsynchronization. Bursts of steam are timed and counted forsynchronization and integrated with the reading of piston speed andposition by the computer.

The exhaust ports can be opened and closed by the sliding fit of shapedrods passing the length of the cylinder and actuated by external aircontrols driven by the optical means described. Or the piston movingagainst return springs at the ends of the cylinders can be used. Thesecan have slot openings that open to the ports desired when moved for theexhausting or delivery of pressurized steam and/or gas to the positionsdesired. Optionally spool valve rod extensions can be attached to thepistons themselves and also serve to keep the piston keyed or timed atone radial position while opening and closing the exhaust ports. Twospool valve shafts can be optionally attached to the piston permanently,or are spring returned against the piston end as it moves away. Againthese are subject to the spring return time factor and the potential forleakage under the extreme heat conditions and essentially awkward touse.

Therefore the optical timing with the laser beams is preferred, butSonic and even Magnetostrictive devices may effectively be employed forpiston position and speed determination.

Velocity

A prime factor in the success of this system is achieving maximumvelocity in the piston and a sharply defined impact against thefeedstock/steam. To do this, the feedstock must ideally bepre-pressurized to be equal to that of the injected steam and beisolated in a chamber outside that of the cylinder space in which thepiston is moving. If feedstock is injected directly ahead of the piston,the velocity is lost. A free-piston lacks the constant crank rod push ofa conventional compressor and is dependent for velocity upon theexplosive force or the drive of expanding steam to propel with a singlepush. With the elimination of friction using the said nucleatebubble-bearing means and almost zero back pressure with use ofprogressive exhaust valve opening, the free piston can exceed thevelocity achievable by any other mechanical means and impact with greatforce.

Piston Moves Against Zero Pressure

If this were done using rotary port valving means with varied sizes inporting and variations in port positions with a rotary means, it wouldbe possible to adjust the feedstock volume progressively as the pistonmoved against it. However there would still be an increasing volume offeedstock and back-pressure impeding the velocity. Ideally as the energyimparting piston is traveling it should move against zero pressure.

With sacrifice of the "zero" piston velocity, air, gas and steampressure can be maintained and delivered with a different main pistonand cylinder geometry. This is done using both opposing pistons, and thethree pumping functions are accomplished by the closing of annularplanes telescoping over one another as the pistons move with each drivestroke. Compressed air for valve control and the like is better providedwith a dedicated compressor and not to involve the feedstock compacting,so the benefit of the zero back pressure feature is retained.

It is apparent that the power and energy requirements to drive a pistonwith minimum friction, mounted horizontally in a cylinder with littlepressure impeding its travel, will require a fraction of that requiredin driving a normal compressor. In this method, the power delivery is inthe piston weight and velocity as it impacts with other shock obsorberram pistons of smaller or larger diameter depending upon the function.

Treated water is introduced as a mist in the flash steam generatingsystem using attemperation injection means that provide temperature andpressure control of this steam system encasing the cylinder and reactoradjoinment. In the steam system this jacket of saturated steam cools thecylinder walls so condensation can occur on these surfaces forfacilitating the slip nucleate bubble formation and the slip function.

In the gas combustion driven unit, flash-generated steam from the twoexhaust manifold coils is driven into cylinder jackets to add heat and,while very hot, its temperature is a marked change from the superheatedsteam that has just been passed to the feedstock section. This creates alower temperature steam addition that controls heat build-up. Atemperature between 650 and 1,000 degrees F is to be maintained in theoverall body of the unit with a pressure in the range of 1,500 psia to2,000 psia.

In the steam-driven version the exhaust steam return functions in a likemanner.

The center portion of this apparatus comprising the ram receiverassembly and feedstock/steam collection or High Pressure ReceiverChamber is a massive structure because of shock impact and the violentcompacting and compression of the gas at this center point.

Delivery of volumes of gas, steam and air are orifice- andpressure-controlled as the piston moves to drive the high pressuregas/steam combination through the main high pressure relief valve thatserves all of the units and beyond to the steam reformer and catalyticreaction means. All of this close coupling of apparatus is done in aneffort to conserve free energy.

The escape of the high pressure gas lowers pressure momentarily in thefeedstock space. As this pressure drops, steam and gas move in from thehigher pressurized storage spaces through a pressure relief valveseries, working in the opposite direction of the first, to re-chargethis compression space. Valves are changed with openings and closures assteam is injected to finish the stroke cycle with the main pistonreturn. Control of pressures using imbedded relief valves to monitor gaspressure, steam pressure, and feedstock gas pressures are mechanical andconstructed of a metal that can withstand the unit's internal heat. Theimbedding feature eliminated pipe radiating surfaces and helps in theclose coupling free energy conservation.

Speed of firing is controlled by air delivered through needle valveswhich normally have a permanent setting and, with a constant controlledpressure at the fuel source, an optimum operating speed is maintained.

As noted earlier, the steam-driven unit receives modulated steam burstsfrom a steam-driven rotary valve controlled by the computer/laserreading of the piston positions in the cylinders. In summation: Themethod and apparatus of this invention provides a high energy input tobuild high pressures in close-coupled apparatus that adjoins a reactorthat it supplies with heat and steam plus shock pulses transmitteddirectly to the reactor content providing a fluid-bed stimulatingexothermic heat that is recovered and converted to steam as thecompacted gas pulses are driven through the reactor at high temperaturesand pressures for continual heat generation in the creation of an"unstable state gas reaction" followed by cooling, liquefication anddivision of the reacted product into parts of different molecularweight.

The preferred apparatus form of this invention comprises opposedcylinder/piston pairs axially aligned with a common but isolated centercompression space. The pistons are propelled by a hydrocarbon fuelcombustion like natural gas, or producer's gas.

Also high pressure steam expansion can be employed for this drivingforce.

In the multiple compression form of this invention, the piston geometryhas a plurality of diameters, one an inside diameter approximatelyone-half to one-quarter that of the other which is at the combustion ordriving diameter of the piston. This small inside diameter is forcedover a ram form that is fixed, or movable and backed against gaspressure. These rams extend oppositely as a pair on the commonpiston/cylinder axis from both sides of a large hexagonal form thathouses porting and pressure-responsive adjustable relief ball checksthat control movement of gases from one position to another as pressureschange in response to piston motion. This center unit, because of itssix sides, can service six piston/cylinder units working simultaneouslyto deliver feedstock to a common chamber at its center.

In the preferred apparatus form of the piston, a ball approximately 1/3the diameter of the piston is trapped inside the piston as describedpreviously.

The piston/cylinder form can have multi-annular planes that engage toprovide a plurality of compression spaces, one for air, another forpre-pressurizing feedstock and another for steam as described earlier.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION High Pressure Extruder

An object of this invention is a Dual Extrusion High Pressure Extruderfor the extrusion of a feedstock material into a direct flame/firereduction process for reduction of a pulverized mass tubular content toextract gases and liquors for subsequent gas processing.

An object of this invention is a Dual Extruder Nozzle Form for placementof an Inner Tube Fire Resistant Insulation Extrusion inside a FeedstockTube for the protection from the direct flame/fire application in areduction process used for reduction of a pulverized mass tubularcontent to a carbonized product to extract gases and liquors asby-products.

An object of this invention is a Dual Rotary Extruder Nozzle form forplacement of an Inner Tube Fire Resistant Insulation Extrusion inside aFeedstock Tube for protection from a direct/flame fire application in areduction process for reduction of a pulverized mass tubular content toa carbonized product to extract gases and liquors as by-products.

An object of this invention is a Static Extruder and Nozzle for theextrusion of a feedstock material into a direct flame/fire reductionprocess for gasifying of a pulverized mass tubular content to extractgases and liquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is a Rotating Extruder and Nozzle for theextrusion of a feedstock material into a direct flame/fire reductionprocess for reduction of a pulverized mass tubular content to extractgases and liquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is Multiple Extruders Feeding One CommonNozzle for the extrusion of a feedstock material into a directflame/fire reduction process for reduction of a tubular pulverized masscontent to extract gases and liquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is a Vacuuming Port for the Feedstock at theExtruder Nozzle for the air evacuation of an extrusion of a feedstockprior to injection of chemicals or gas into this evacuated intersticesof the said feedstock as it passes through the nozzle into a directflame/fire reduction process for gasifying of a pulverized mass tubularcontent to extract gases and liquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is a Rotary Vacuuming Port for the Feedstockat the Extruder Nozzle for the air evacuation of an extrusion of afeedstock material prior to injection of chemicals or gas as the saidfeedstock is passed into a direct flame/fire reduction process forreduction of a pulverized mass tubular content to extract gases andliquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is a Gas Injection Port for input toFeedstock at the Extruder Nozzle as an addition to the feedstockmaterial prior to the said feedstock passage through a direct flame/firereduction process for gasifying of a pulverized mass tubular content toextract gases and liquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is a Rotary Gas Injection Port input toFeedstock at Extruder Nozzle as an addition to the said feedstockmaterial prior to the said feedstock passage through a direct flame/firereduction process for gasifying of a pulverized mass tubular content toextract gases and liquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is a Fuel Injection Port for input toExtrusion Center at Extruder Nozzle of a fuel for the Center Fire insidethe feedstock as the heat source in the fire reduction process forgasifying of a pulverized mass tubular content to extract gas andliquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is a Rotary Fuel Injection Port for input tothe Extrusion Center at Extruder Nozzle of a fuel for the Center Fireinside the feedstock as the flame heat source in the direct flame/firereduction process for gasifying of a pulverized mass tubular content togas and liquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is a Fire Tube Flame Injection for input toExtrusion Center at Extruder Nozzle for the fuel ignition at the CenterFire inside the feedstock as the heat source in the direct flame/firereduction process for gasifying of a pulverized mass tubular content togases and liquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is a Rotary Fire Tube Injection to ExtrusionCenter at Extruder Nozzle for the fuel ignition at the Center Fireinside the feedstock as the heat source in the direct flame/firereduction process for gasifying of a pulverized mass tubular content togases and liquors for subsequent processing.

An object of this invention is use of Streamlined Piping over which theextrusion passes in the preforming of the tube followed by full closureprovided by diameter reduction in the die form so the feedstock fullycompresses as the extrusion is reshaped after moving over theStreamlining of the Pipes or Tubes that have passed the Fuel and Flamefor the ignition and sustaining of the Center Fire inside the feedstockas the heat source in the fire reduction process for gasifying of apulverized mass tubular content to gases and liquors for subsequentprocessing.

An object of this invention is that a Rotary Extruder Nozzle withmultiple ports be enclosed with annular rings on the ends of which aremounted to the Nozzle body using Rotary Carbon/Carbide Faced MechanicalSeals providing intermittent access through a single port in this saidannular ring as the plurality of transversely aligned ports in therotating nozzle pass this opening providing the access with minimalleakage.

Vacuuming a Feedstock Material

An object of this invention is that Porting Shape and Form for VacuumingExtrusion be of a louvered form with slats or slots arranged so therectangular openings to the vacuum are placed at right angles to theaxis of the extruder and with the slat divisions separating theplurality of slots arranged so they are placed at a 30° to 45° trailingangle to the direction of the extrusion so the feedstock material cannotbe plowed or drawn into the vacuum system.

An object of this invention is that Hard Pipe Connections be themounting means of preference even when the Extruders are of rotatingdesign in which case piping is to an external annular static ring as theprime mounting means supporting the internal nozzle on rotating sealsand bearings held in this mounting.

The Intermediate Extension

An object of this invention is that an Internal Involute Helical GearForm Die be mounted inside a short extension tube that is powered torotate at a low speed while axially mounted on rotary or static extrudernozzle delivery end so this die encloses the extrusion briefly in itspassage from the extruder nozzle, forcing it over the helical gear teethform that causes it to twist and turn in this passage as the teethimpress their form into the outside diameter of the extrusion before itenters the wide tapered opening of the faster rotating Absorber ReceiverTube, so the slower rotation of the intermediate Extension and the geartooth tops gradually engage this taper to be compressed back into theextrusion body as this taper reduces;; all of which provides a clutchingaction to bring the extrusion up the high speed of the Absorber ReceiverTube.

An object of this invention is that with use of a Static IntermediateExtension that contains the internal involute Gear Form mounted inside ashort extension tube that is not rotated but is axially mounted on arotary or static extruder nozzle delivery end so it encloses theextrusion briefly in its passage from the extruder to forcing it overthe helical gear teeth to twist and turn it in this passage as the teethimpress their form into the outside diameter of the extrusion before itenters the wide tapered opening of a slowly rotating Absorber ReceiverTube, where the gear tooth form gradually engage this taper and iscompressed back into the feedstock body by the taper reduction whichprovides a clutching action to bring the extrusion up to the speed ofthe Absorber Receiver Tube's slow rotation.

An object of this invention is a Rotary Intermediate Extension that ispowered to rotate at a medium speed while axially mounted on theextruder nozzle delivery end so the Internal Involute Helical Gearencloses the extrusion briefly in its passage from the extruder, toforce it over the helical gear teeth, the helical angle of which causesit to twist/turn in this passage as the teeth impress their form intothe outside diameter of the extrusion before it enters the wide taperedopening of the faster rotating Absorber Receiver Tube, so the slowerrotation of the intermediate Extension and the gear tooth tops graduallyengage this taper to be compressed back into the extrusion body as thistaper reduces all of which provide a slipping engagement of the slowermoving extrusion in a "potter's wheel" effect as it is shaped tofinished tube form and comes up to the high speed of the AbsorberReceiver Tube.

An object of this invention is that Speed Range Accommodation be afunction of pressing the extrusion through an Internal Helical InvoluteGear Tooth Die form so the tooth angle causes the formable extrusionmass to twist in the commencement of a turn, after which it enters thewide tapered opening of the faster rotating Absorber Receiver Tube wherethe gear teeth tops are squeezed back into the body of this malleableextrusion form with more twisting of the tube wall so this slowerrotation is imparted to it by passage over this said die after which thegradual reduction of the reducing taper compressing the tooth form backinto the extrusion body bringing the said extrusion up to the speed ofthe Absorber Receiver Tube.

Absorber Receiver Tube

It is an object of this invention that a Reducing Taper Entrance for anExtrusion cause the formable extrusion mass that has previously made apartial turn as it moved over the helical gear die, now slips as itenters into the wide tapered opening of the faster rotating AbsorberReceiver Tube but reforms as the extrusion's gear tooth outer surface issqueezed by the reducing taper to compress the teeth back into theextrusion body with the final production of a compacted feedstock tubeform preparatory to fire reduction.

It is an object of this invention that a Friction Drive Effect for SpeedChange be provided by the clutch-like friction imparted to the extrusionby the reducing taper of the Absorber Receiver entrance opening intowhich the extrusion is forced so the gradual friction increase createdby the crushing of the gear tooth form on the outside diameter producesa twisting reformation of the extrusion wall in the accomplishment ofthe final feedstock tube form compacting with matching of the rotationalspeed of the Absorber Receiver.

It is an object of this invention that the Absorber Receiver Tube be along tube in a range 50 to 100 feet and tube diameter be 12 to 24 incheswith mounting usually vertical or steeply angled with retention inbearings and seal so it can be rotated at speeds ranging from 30 to 150rpm while held in a stator-like Gas Collection Chamber, with thedescribed taper opening at the bottom to receive the extrusion input anda top opening for expelling the carbonized product into a space withrotary bottom traps so gases and heats are retained at the top asproduced with cooling of the carbonized product with steam sprayedproducing a "water or producer's gas" suitable for use in the process asfuel while the broken coke or soft char carbon is dropped throughintermittently opened traps to storage and further gas extraction below.

It is an object of this invention that the Absorber Receiver Tube be along and large diameter tube usually vertically or steeply angled inbearing and seal mounts so it can be rotated at speeds ranging from 30to 150 rpm in a gas collection enclosure and perforated for its entirelength between these mounts and seals so that gases and liquors canexude from these said perforations when heat is applied at the center ofthe enclosed extrusion that is forced to pass the length of thisAbsorber Receiver Tube in the gasification of the said extrusionfeedstock to a carbonized form to extract from it the gases and liquorby-products using this Absorber Receiver Tube.

It is an object of this invention that the Absorber Receiver Tube beconstructed of a plurality of short thin wall Titanium tube sectionsweld connection with external collars, the upper planes of which areangled down in respect to the vertical or angular placement of theAbsorber receiver Tube, so that Liquors can flow over these and bethrown off the edges by the rotation to fall to the bottom of the GasCollection Chamber.

It is an object of this invention that Absorber Receiver TubePerforations be of small size and on close centers in the range of 1/8inch to 1/4 inch diameter and spaced on 1/2" to 3/4" centers with themetal structure a thin wall high temperature corrosion resistant type asfor example Titanium.

It is an object of this invention that Gases and Liquors Exude to a GasCollection Chamber through perforations to the surrounding spaceenclosed by a large cylindrical holding the said Tube within thisannulus space that is at least equal to twice the diameter of the saidTube held at each end with bearings and seals at the top and bottom ofthe said Chamber so the said Tube is freely rotated inside thisstationary said Chamber as the fire driven by-products gas-out throughthe perforations as partly influenced by the centrifugal force of therotation imparted to the Absorber Receiver Tube.

It is an object of this invention that Absorber Receiver Tube Bearingsand Seals Mount provide adequate means for support of this Tube whendriven to speeds as high as 150 rpm so there is a centrifugal influenceon the liquors and gas exuding from the perforations as driven from theExtruded Feedstock held against the inside of Absorber Receiver Tubeenclosing walls by the centrifugal forces of this rotation.

It is an object of this invention that Injected Carbon Dioxide Gas CoolSeals and Bearings be utilized to prevent damage to these componentswith means to inject compressed CO₂ into bearing and seal spaces asprovided in these while the whole assembly is enclosed with means tocapture and recompress the spent hot gas for recompression.

It is an object of this invention is that an Absorber Receiver TubeVariable Speed Drive be a "silent chain" form used with a cold water/oilcoolant used to flow across its return length for cooling the chainlinks followed with added means to air-knife blast the excess coolantfrom the chain to prevent carbon formation and in this way prevent heatbuild-up in this driving member.

It is an object of this invention that a plurality of Steam JetScrubbers Nozzles be mounted and directed to blow a plurality of thinwide lines of steam at saturated temperature across the two sides of theouter wall face of the Absorber Receiver Tube and in a common clock-wisedirection so these blow off and cut away the accumulating gas andliquors exuding from the perforations while at once reducing theperforation wall temperature several degrees below that of the feedstockon its opposite side.

It is an object of this invention that a Temperature Difference Serve asan Attraction means for the hot gases migrating out of the feedstock inthat generally heat moves to cold and here the Steam Jet Scrubbersmaintain a cooler perforated outer face to attract the hot gases andliquors of the higher temperature extrusion interface with the AbsorberReceiver Tube wall.

It is an object of this invention that a Soft Char or Coke Top Deliverybe done by breaking the extrusion tube carbon off in specific sizes asit extrudes from the top end of the Absorber Receiver Tube where it iscaught in an enclosed chamber equipped with a bottom trap means so itcan be steam-cooled for producer's gas recovery and vacuumed offalternately with timing when the bottom trap openings are closed afterdropping a batch of steam-cooled carbonized product to storage andfurther gas recovery below.

Center-Fire

It is an object of this Invention that a Regenerated Fire-Flame Loop bemaintained with a plurality of natural gas fired Ram-jet systems pulsedriving the heat and flame from this tower top ignition point through aplurality of finned tubes standing inside the Gas Collection Chamberafter which these said tubes join at the tower bottom inside theextruder's streamlined piping over which the extrusion passes so thesaid heat and flame is introduced inside the said extruded tube'sopening center as its walls close after moving from the extruder nozzlewhere a new injection of water gas from the process is introducedfollowed by intermittent injection of oxygen into the flame's passage asit moves upward through holes in the suspended fire brick radiatorhanding in the center of the extruded tube after which this Fire FlameLoop reenters the Ram-jet drive units at the process top to complete theCenter Fire Loop Cycle.

It is an object of this Invention that Fuel Injection at Extruder Nozzleoccur at ports providing egress to Streamline Piping over which theextrusion passes to reclose so it can serve as the conduit for thisflowing flame and heat that is reenergized at this point with aninjection of the process produced Water Gas.

It is an object of this Invention that a Flame Passage to the ExtrudedFeedstock Center be continuous as passed through a loop of piping andtubes driven in pulses from natural gas fired Ram-jet engines mounted atthe top of the system.

It is an object of this Invention that the Flame Loop Return be inFinned Tubes that stand in the internal space of the Gas CollectionChamber as means for heating the gases and liquors collected.

It is an object of this Invention that a plurality of Natural GasRam-jet Pulse Driven Hot Exhaust means serve to drive the Flame and Heatin the Fire Loop of this system.

It is an object of this Invention that a Flame Down Delivery Path Movein Finned Heat Exchange Tubes that provide the heat for the space insidethe Gas Collection Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that a Holed Spool-Checker Fire BrickRadiator of long dimension hang in close proximity to the passingextrusion tube's inner wall surface so heat transfer from this radiatingsurface can be transmitted as directly as is possible.

It is an object of this Invention that Oxygen Injection of the FireBrick Radiator occur at closely spaced intervals along the length ofthis member so the passing flame is intensified and this injectionsource be a Titanium metal tube that serves as a center support hangerand the manifold for hot oxygen delivery.

Gas Collection Chamber

It is an object of this Invention that a Sealed Round-Tower GasCollection Chamber be slightly shorter than the height of the AbsorberReceiver Tube so while enclosing a major center portion of this saidtube it extends out the top and bottom of the enclosing chamber forinput of feedstock at the bottom and output of the carbonized endproduct at the top.

It is an object of this Invention that a Totally Enclosing AbsorberReceiver Tube be heated by the Center Fire means described to cause thefeedstock passing through it to exude gases and liquors through theperforations of this said Tube and into the surrounding sealed space ofthe Gas Collection Chamber.

It is an object of this invention that the Spacing between AbsorberReceiver Tube and the Gas Collection Tube Outer Wall not exceed twicethe diameter of the Absorber Receiver Tube.

It is an object of this Invention that air be Evacuated from the GasCollection Chamber as the process begins and thereafter it becomespressurized by the hot expanding gases that are captured in this space.

It is an object of this Invention that as Gas Heat Expansion Pressurizesthe Chamber it be permitted to reach a moderate pressure ofapproximately six atmospheres or less with maintenance of this level sothe outward movement of gas and liquors through the perforations of theAbsorber Receiver Tube will not be inhibited by excessive pressurenotwithstanding every effort to raise the temperature to the highestpossible level.

It is an object of this Invention that pulses individual opening of aplurality exhaust valve ported to the Raw Gas Receivers Control the GasPressure at low levels in this Gas Collection Space.

It is an object of this Invention that a plurality of Fire Loop FinnedTube Flame Return Lines pass through the space of the Gas CollectionChamber for the heating of the gases in this space with these heatexchanger means.

It is an object of this Invention that Bearing and Seal Mounts Top andBottom support the Absorber Receiver Tube in a manner permitting arotational speed of at least 150 rpm while holding the gases andpressure with carbide/carbon rotary mechanical seal faces of commondesign.

It is an object of this Invention that this Gas Collection Chamber bemounted directly Above the Extruders so the extrusion travel isminimized and free energy is conserved.

It is an object of this Invention that internal Annular Wall Collars beplaced to Aid in Gas Strata Formation at 12 to 18 inch levels and extendinto this inner space 4 to 6 inches with a hole pattern circle of 1 inchholes within 1/4" of the wall on 3" centers around the entire flange topermit the passage of liquors flowing down the walls while thehorizontal plane of the flanges aid in some stratification of thevortexing gases by molecular weight fractions.

It is an object of this Invention that a Vortexing Hot Gas be created bySteam Jets using minimum saturated steam volumes to drive fan-shapedknife jets across the face of the perforations of the Absorber ReceiverTube to shear away the exuded gases and liquors and these be located inat least two positions to drive in a common horizontal direction onopposite sides of the said Tube.

It is an object of this Invention that extracted Liquors Flow to theChamber Bottom for collection in downcomers and mains to be transferredto liquor treatment that follows.

It is an object of this Invention that Gases Exhaust to a Plurality ofRaw Gas Receivers that are slightly cooler and at a lower pressure toreadily receive these higher pressure exhausts when valves are openedindividually.

It is an object of this Invention that the Intervals of Exhausting ofGas from the Gas Collection Chamber be done progressively at differentheight levels for each valve opening so gas from different strata has auniform time interval to accumulate before the next exhausting of gasfrom that level.

It is an object of this Invention that the chamber Pulses be Derivedwith "One at a Time" Exhaust Valve Opening in the creation of thispulsing condition inside the Gas Collection Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that Liquors Return From Processors toSpray in from Top of the Gas Collection Chamber to vaporize the Liquorsas gases for addition to the gas mass and reduce the volumes of Liquorsand also to maintain the temperature control in the Gas CollectionChamber space with cooling of these liquors before their return.

It is an object of this Invention that Liquors are Pumped to the LiquorProcessor after attempts at re-evaporation so they can be relieved oftars and accumulated as Ammonia Liquor.

The Raw Gas Receiver

It is an object of this Invention that a Plurality of Raw Gas Receiversbe mounted at evenly spaced height levels around the periphery of theGas Collection Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that the Raw Gas Receivers be Arrangedin Pipe Organ Fashion around the Gas Collection Chamber periphery sothey have a minimum of interference and minimize piping to conserve freeenergy loss.

It is an object of this Invention that Valve Controlled Meansautomatically exhaust gas individually to each Raw Gas Receiver at auniform time interval to create a pulse modulation of pressure in theGas Collection Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that a lower Temperature in the RawGas Receiver be maintained versus that of the Gas Collection ChamberSpace.

It is an object of this Invention that a lower Temperature Difference inthe Raw Gas Receiver function as an attraction means to aid in thetransfer of gas from the hotter collection chamber space based on heatmoving toward cold.

It is an object of this Invention that a Raw Gas Receiver Extension GasTube reach across the space of the Gas Collection Chamber to a pointwithin 2 to 4 inches of the outer wall of the rotating Absorber ReceiverTube.

It is an object of this Invention that this Extension Tube of the RawGas Receiver function to avoid the Liquors and Tars that are closer toor on the outer wall of the Gas Collection Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that this Extension Tube of the RawGas Receiver have mounted on its extreme end and close to the AbsorberReceiver Tube outer wall a cupped or concave shaped part, the concaveface of which faces down-stream in the gas flow to create an eddycurrent stall or dwell on its opposite side and at this Extension Tubeend so the gases can be more readily drawn into the Raw Gas Receiver.

It is an object of this Invention that the gas out of the Delivery Endof the Raw Gas Receiver connect to a means for cleaning these gasdivisions either with a scrubbing procedure commonly practiced or withthe Hollow Ball Dry Cleaning of this Invention.

The Liquor Processor

It is an object of this Invention that the Stack Fume Gas and vesselfume gas off of this process be scrubbed with the liquors of the processafter tar decanting to remove particulate and liquor vapors in thesegases so they can be recirculated in the top sprays of the GasCollection Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that a plurality of Liquor Decantersfor Tar removal be employed prior to the scrubbing functions.

It is an object of this Invention that Viscosity or Specific GravityMetering be used to control the expelling of the recirculated liquorsfrom this ancillary Ammonia Liquor Process so the maximum intensity isachieved in this fluid before it is returned to the top spray in the GasCollection Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that final recirculated liquors beReturned to Gas Collection Chamber as a Top Spray for further reductionto gases in these high temperatures at the top of the said Chamber.

Hollow Ball Cleaning Apparatus

It is an object of this Invention that a Ball Size OF 5/8 inch to 1 inchbe the diameter of the balls of this cleaning means.

It is an object of this Invention that the Ball Hole Size be smallenough in relation to ball diameter that it does not create asignificant flatness at its location on the ball which occurs when thehole is large in respect to the curvature of the ball face.

It is an object of this Invention that the Number of Holes in the Ballshould be such as to permit visual alignment through one hole andanother in a direction across the ball diameter.

It is an object of this Invention that a thin wall high temperatureresistant Ball Size and Hole Pattern permit Gas Passage when stacked ina conical vessel so gases driven through from the bottom to the top canbe relieved of their particulate carbon with attraction to the inner andouter surfaces of the balls.

It is an object of this Invention that The Hollow Ball be Circulatedwith a gear-like driving means to move in closed tubing from theircleaning function to the top of a conical container vessel to settleslowly as the raw gas is blown upward at low velocity, after which theballs drop into a driving means again to move upward so they can fallagain through the Air Knife CO₂ Cleaning means to complete the circuit.

It is an object of this Invention that a thin wall high temperatureresistant Copper Plated Balls when stacked in a conical vessel so gasesdriven through from the bottom to the top can be relieved of theirparticulate carbon with attraction to a copper plated inner and outersurface of the balls.

It is an object of this Invention that a thin wall high temperatureresistant Titanium Balls when stacked in a conical vessel so gasesdriven through from the bottom to the top can be relieved of theirparticulate carbon with attraction to the inner and outer surfaces ofthe balls.

It is an object of this Invention that Cleaning with Air Knife using CO₂Gas be the means for cleaning these balls as they pass in single file onan open track so the particulate blown off can collect in an adjoiningvessel.

It is an object of this Invention that a Particulate Accumulation andRecovery means be used to compress and briquette this material for useas a fuel.

Ionization of Gases

It is an object of this Invention that a Renewable Cathode be used inthe Ionization of the gases in this process because of the potential forcontamination of the Cathode so an expendable wire is used in a coiledface confronting the anode for the generation of a mass of electrons.

It is an object of this Invention that an Aluminum Wire be used for theCathode metal.

It is an object of this Invention that a Finite Coating of ZirconiumSputtered in Spots as "Getters" be employed to inhibit the formation ofwater in this part of the process.

It is an object of this Invention that a Cathode Wire Cone means beemployed so the cathode wire can be closely wound on this cone in a wrapwith one coil against another on the cone face so the wire surface isexposed to the anode and the passing gases as the wire is wound on thesaid surface that must be highly polished so the wire can slip inresponse to the varied speeds of the cone surface diameter versus thecommon speed of the cone on which the wire is wound.

It is an object of this Invention that the Cathode Wire Cone Feed be acarefully controlled versus take-up because of the surface speedvariations of diameters on the cone face and the need for slip in all ofthese winds which is a function of the speed of wire feed and take-up asin a "capstan/slip" relationship between capstan surface and loose turnsof a line sliding on the capstan diameter until the take-up tension isincreased.

It is an object of this Invention that the Cathode Wire Cone Feed becarefully controlled versus take-up because of the surface speedvariations of wind turn diameters on the cone face and the need for slipof all of these which is facilitated by the short sections of slightlylarger wire diameter where the sputtered spots of zirconium interruptsthe continuity of surface contact between cone face and wire surfacesthat simplifies the control of wire feed and take-up speed.

It is an object of this Invention that the Cathode Wire Cone beassembled from discs that free to turn on a common axis, but with eachdisc capable of turning on this axis at a different speed, so thatsurfaces on the disc's outer periphery that carry the cathode wire canturn at speeds related to speed of the wire and a constant tension onthe wire can be maintained with the wind and unwind reels.

It is an object of this Invention that a carbide metal Wire Die HoledButton be used for passage of the wire from the wind/unwind reel anddrive chamber to the gas exposure side that supports the cathode for useas a sealing means because of a close tolerance fit of the die hole tothe wire.

It is an object of this Invention that a Pressurizing CO₂ Gas in Winderand Drive Chamber provide a wash of gas around the wire in movementthrough the seals which are not leak proof and that this minute amountof gas join the hot gases of the process in this by-pass.

It is an object of this Invention that the Cooling of the Drive Chamberbe with CO₂ Gas input through an orifice from a pressure source so thefast gas expansion into the chamber offsetting the seal leakage providesa cooling condition to maintain the drive and wind/unwind apparatus at areasonable temperature.

THERMAL DIFFUSION GAS SEPARATION

It is an object of this Invention that a gas receiver comprise a HotChamber Surrounding Inner Cold Form with a temperature variation of 300°to 500° F. between the inside wall of the enclosing chamber and theoutside wall of the internal form.

It is another object of this Invention that gases introduced in the HotChamber Surrounding an Inner Cold Form pass through a means forionization of the gases that also provide some acceleration of motion tothese by moving through an Electron Gun Configuration before enteringthe Thermal Diffusion Gas Separation Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that an Electron Beam Gas Accelerationmeans comprising a cathode electron source (as in the Renewable CathodeApparatus) be employed to receive ions driven from a torus source thatis at the end of an electron gun configuration into which the dividedgases flow with some increase in speed as the molecules of gas arebombarded with electrons in this passage and move through the gun withthe electron beam that impinges on the ion source torus while the gasespass through the torus center hole to further size and mass selectionmeans.

It is an object of this Invention that a Uniform Spacing Between Wallsbe 2 to 3 inches across and permit the easy flow of high gas volumeswhich volume would dictate the diameter of the structure and the totalarea of this passage for such accommodation.

It is an object of this Invention that Electrical Charges on the InnerWall and Outer have a potential difference of 2,500 Electron Volts to10,000 Electron Volts D.C.

It is an object of this Invention that Two Rough Gas Divisions as drawnfrom two Raw Gas Receivers at different levels of the Gas CollectionChamber and subsequently cleaned with Hollow Ball means be mixed andintroduced to this Thermal Diffusion Gas Separation Means so they woulddivide one from another with a more accurate separation by MolecularMass as influenced by the temperature difference in the walls of thepassage and the electrical potential in this space so they pass onannular sharp edge dividing the gas passage into two parts, onerepresenting the inner wall attracted gases and the other the outer wallattracted gases.

PARABOLA COLLIMATION AND DIVISION

It is an object of this Invention that ionized gases be diverted to adownward direction as a Vertical Flow into a 45° Perforated Cone thepoint of which rests at the center of a parabola form so the gases flowthrough the perforations to impinge against the parabola face.

It is an object of this Invention that the Gas Path be Reversed as FlowStrikes the Parabola Face to rebound oppositely against the direction offlow to strike the 45° angle side of the cone against the unperforatedareas to deflect into a horizontal path with a direction radially awayfrom the center of the apparatus.

It is an object of this Invention that the Gas Path DeflectedHorizontally move radially toward the sides of the parabola bowl anddivision means in that surface.

It is an object of this Invention that the Gas Space be in a CentrifugalForce Field created by high speed rotation at speeds of 3,000 to 5,000rpm as the parabola bowl and the cone assembly turn on a common axis.

It is an object of this Invention that Horizontal Gas Divisions by MoleMass be achieved by the changes in gas molecule paths as effluence bythe deflection means and movement across the centrifugal force area sogas cloud with this space divides horizontally by mass and weight intostratas.

It is an object of this Invention that the Parabola Face be divided intohorizontal levels comprising concave forms with finite slits at theinner surface of these which constitute collection means for the strataof common molecular mass at a specific level of the Parabola Face.

It is an object of this Invention that a large plurality of HorizontalSlits in the Parabola Face provide openings in circular planes aroundthe optical axis of the said parabola with each said slit bottoming inconcave guides functioning as funneling means for the said slits thatthen terminate in wave-guide like thin plane rectangular slots, each ofwhich is one of a plurality of these in a rectangular tube that carrythe thus divided horizontal molecular gas weights for delivery to otherdivision means.

MOLECULAR MASS MAGNETIC DIVISION

It is an object of this Invention that Horizontal Gas Divisions producedin the Parabola Collimation Apparatus and confined in the wave-guidelike compartment tube deliver its contents immediately to theCyclotronic Magnetic Division means.

It is an object of this Invention that gas delivery be at the very Edgeof the Intense Perpendicular Magnetic Field of the Cyclotronic MagneticDivision means.

It is an object of this Invention that the perpendicular magnetic fieldEmanating from Round Pole Pieces have a Gauss measurement of 4,000 to10,000 gauss.

It is an object of this Invention that this circular magnetic field becompletely sealed and Enclosed by a Circular Wall divided vertically byFine Slits with a height equal to the space between the poles of themagnet.

It is an object of this Invention that Each Slit's Vertical Boundary bea razor sharp edge so there is no barrier to gas passage into theseslits except this sharp edge.

It is an object of this Invention that Each Slit Opens to a Port Valveopening and in turn to a circular manifold tube encircling the wall ofthe Cyclotron unit and is divided by two valves each side of a slitvalve so several of these gas division sources can be combined orisolated as a means for controlling collection of varied spectrum widthof a common gas fallout to the circular wall over a plurality of slitsthat represent the spectral display of the gases produced.

It is an object of this Invention that this port Valve Control andManifold Valves provide the means for isolating or combining a single orplurality of slit port valve inputs so the spectral fallout of a gas canbe captured as it occurs.

It is an object of this Invention that gas delivery into the MagneticField Edge provides a plurality of rough horizontal gas divisions thatbegin to spin in their specific planes as they enter the magnetic fieldthat is perpendicular to their paths after which they turn in the field,as influenced by their common injection speed and commence to separatein their individual horizontal planes as they divide by molecular massto fall out into the slit making up the enclosing wall as spectral areasof impingement to complete the grid-like division of the horizontalstrata of gases.

It is an object of this Invention that a possible thirty-eight Gas MassWeight Divisions can be accommodated with this apparatus, but the gaseswill normally divide as noted above into spectral areas involving morethan one or two slits, perhaps as many as ten to twenty representing asingle gas which can be isolated and collected with use of the valvingmeans on the manifold.

SUB-SONIC SHOCK STEAM REFORMING

It is an object of this Invention that this Sub-Sonic Shock SteamReforming Process be applied to A Variety of Feedstocks Selected forSubjecting to Events that in combination comprising;

pressure injection of a said feedstock into cylindrical pressure vessel;

sealed at both ends by a pair of moveable rams;

all of which is at the center of a long cylindrical body;

supporting two nucleate bubble friction free pistons at the extremeends;

each with a stroke potential at least three times each piston'srespective length;

which said cylinder has porting at the extreme ends to admit steam orexplosive fuels gas that are ignited to drive the said pistons againstthe rams;

with porting at the cylinder stroke ends to exhaust these driving gases;

and a plurality of ports located along the pistons' travel that are heldopen until the pistons pass after which they are closed so the pistonsmove the length of the cylinder bore against zero pressure and maximumpiston velocity can be achieved;

and which pistons contain a moveable internal ball that absorbs theshock of the said piston's impact against the rams;

and which impact creates a momentary superheated a sub-sonic shock steamreforming condition in the isolated steam/gas increment;

so its pressure overcome a heavily spring-loaded release valve;

and the said feedstock steam as combined with the gases;

moves to an immediately adjacent reaction chamber above;

that contains a catalyst to cause reforming of this shock steam/gasvapor;

in the production of a combination of gases exhibiting the presence ofMethane, Propane, Ethane, Pentane, Cyclo-pentane, Butene-1, Pentene-1,Amylenes, n-Hexylene, Cyclopentadiene-1,3, Butadiene-1,3, CarbonDisulphide, Hydrogen Sulphide, Hydrogen Cyanide, Carbonyl Sulphide,Methyl Mercaptan, Dimethyl Sulphide, o-Xylene, m-Xylene, Ethyl Benzene,n-Octane, n-Nonane, Cyclooctane, Octylene, SGN gas, Tioxene andPicolines as products of this process.

It is an object of this Invention the Reforming Process in which thefeedstock comprise Liquefied Waste Plastic Materials subjected to thetreatment in combination as described in production of any one or moreof the products named.

It is an object of this Invention that the Reforming Process in whichthe feedstock comprises Hydrocarbon Materials Generally that aresubjected to the treatment in combination as described in production ofany one or more of the products as named.

It is an object of this Invention that the Reforming Process in whichthe feedstock comprises Vaporize Ammonia Liquors Derived from theProcesses of this Invention may be subjected to the treatment incombination as described in production of any one or more of the gasproducts as named.

It is an object of this Invention that the Reforming Process in whichthe feedstock comprises Naphtha subjected to the treatment incombination as described in the production of any more of the productsnamed.

It is an object of this Invention that the Reforming Process in whichthe feedstock comprises Natural Gas subjected to the treatment incombination as described in the production of any more of the productsnamed.

It is an object of this Invention that the Reforming Process in whichVaporized Liquid Waste Rubber as a feedstock material and subjected tothe treatment in combination as described in production of one or moregas products.

It is an object of this Invention that an Unattached Free Piston move ina cylinder at high velocity as a kinetic energy deliver means.

It is an object of this Invention that the Unattached Free Piston beSupported on Nucleate Gas/Steam Bubbles to more in friction free stateas propelled by steam expansion or explosive force.

It is an object of this Invention that the Unattached Free Piston have aSurface with a Plurality of Small Openings fed from the piston center bythe propelling steam/gas or explosive force gases that more this portingto these minute openings in the piston surface interfacing the cylinderbore.

It is an object of this Invention that the temperature of the UnattachedFree Piston Surface have a Temperature Differential with that of theCylinder Bore so an explosive bubble formation can occur as created bycondensation formation and steam expansion.

It is an object of this Invention that the piston movement by Controlledby a Laser Light Break caused by the piston passing a Laser Light Beamthat is directed through two quartz windows aligned and mounted in thecylinder wall opposite one another at right angles to the piston traveland axis of the cylinder.

It is an object of this Invention that the piston Move Against ZeroPressure after it is propelled by steam expansion or combustion of gasesdriving against the opposite side end of the piston.

It is an object of this Invention that the piston Move at High Velocityto Strike a Ram/Piston at the end of its stroke to deliver a maximumkinetic force produced with the piston propellant and its mass iscombined as it strikes the Ram to move a piston extension of the Ram toclose against gas in an isolated chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that Free Piston Impact the Ram/Pistonto close a pre-pressurized gas in an isolated chamber at the pistonstroke end to drive the said gas over a pressure relief valve to othervessels for use in extensions of the process.

It is an object of this Invention that One or a Plurality of Gases beIsolated in this closed pre-pressurized chamber at the piston'stroke endto drive the said gases over a pressure relief valve to another vesselfor use in extensions of the process.

It is an object of this Invention that a Second Piston Cylinder beOpposed to the First to Double the Shock and close a prepressurized gasfilled chamber at the piston stroke end to drive the said gas over apressure relief valve to another vessel for use in extensions of theprocess.

It is an object of this Invention that a Plurality of Pistons toMultiplex the Shock be used to close a pre-pressurized gas-filledchamber at the piston stroke end to drive the said gas over a pressurerelief valve to another vessel for use in extensions of the process.

It is an object of this Invention to Use this Piston Cylinder Apparatusin Association with Steam Reforming and Catalyst Reaction with placementof the impact shock chamber mounted directly below a catalyst containingreaction tower so the shock pulses are transmitted into the catalyst bedwith minimum loss of free energy.

It is an object of this Invention that compression function work as aReplacement for a Semipermeable Membrane in which the gases arecompressed and released for endothermic reactions.

that specific gases be treated with this shock means and be immediatelyinjected into Cryogenic Inert Media Gas Liquefication means.

It is an object of this Invention that this shock treatment be appliedas a preliminary step in the compression of Stack Gas and SteamReforming for the Conversion of the Stack Gas to Methanol

It is an object of this Invention that The Reforming and ReactionProcess be practiced with the use of apparatus comprising incombination:

a source of high pressure steam;

a source of natural gas or coal stack fumes;

an isolated cylindrical pressure vessel with relief valve means andsealed on its ends by moveable rams that close this space;

after which steam is injected into this same space at a minimum 1,000psi 544.61 degrees F.;

after which superheated steam or an ignitable explosive fuel gas isinjected in both ends of the cylinder simultaneously, which actiondrives both pistons toward the cylinder center to impact against therams closing the isolated space containing the prepressurized Stem andStack Gas Fumes;

to compress these gases;

creating a superheated steam condition in the isolated space and;

combining with the feedstock causing both to;

release these combined gases through a pressure relief valve;

so the gases can move into a reaction catalyst chamber above;

in modulated pulses as the pistons move in compression strokes;

creating a fluid-bed condition in the catalyst materials;

as the gases reform to emerge;

as one or more of the gas products derived from the particular feedstockused.

It is an object of this Invention to use the shock procedure to Free H₃O+ for Reforming Chlorine to HCL (liquid) in the processing of a wasteplastic mass.

It is an object of this Invention tho use this means to Combine H₂ andO₂ to produce O₂ /H₂ Alloy at 76.000 atmospheres and 76° F. withpiston/cylinders:

72" dia. Piston×6" Stroke with 6 Cylinders 1000 psia each SteamDrive=4,071² in. area ×1,000 psia drive=4,071,000 psia per cylinder 6radial cylinder unit=24,426,000 total psia divided by 1,140,000 psia forAlloy=21.42631579" total permissible Ram area divided by 6 Ram Drives=3.57201" Permissible Ram Area or 2" Ram diameter. 6 Ram Length to makeheat remote Yield=128 cu. in. per stroke×13 strokes per minute=ONE CUBICFOOT O₂ /H₂ ALLOY PER MINUTE

UNSTABLE-STATE CATALYTIC REFORMING REACTION

It is an object of this Invention to create an UNSTABLE-STATE CATALYTICREFORMING REACTION.

HOT CATALYST MEDIA IN ROTATING ABSORBER RECEIVER TUBE

It is an object of this Invention that a Rotating Absorber Receiver TubeEnclose a Stationary High Temperature Tube for the transfer of heat tothe Absorber Receiver Tube that has a media content through which gasesare passed as the said media is churned to mix the gas content inpassage.

It is an object of this Invention that a Top Holed Absorber ReceiverTube Have Bearing and High Temperature Seal Support for Rotation whileheld at the center of a collection Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that the Rotation of the Top HoledAbsorber Receiver Tube have a speed range of 25 to 200 rpm.

It is an object of this Invention that Annulus Space Between Tubes withConvex/Concave Wall Forms create a loose shear condition as theyconflict in rotation to churn the media content.

It is an object of this Invention that Opposed Shapes ProvideMixing/Churning and the helical arrangement of opposing shapes providean upward force direction to augment the low pressure drive of theextruder that moves the media content upward in the vessel so it can beexpelled at the top for cleaning and return to the extruder at thebottom of the process.

It is an object of this Invention that a Static Inside Hot Tube provideHeat to Catalyst Media for the reforming or reaction of gases and liquidchemicals introduced into the extruder at the bottom of the process.

It is an object of this Invention that Gases Move through CatalystCoated Beads or Media for reaction as the media is churned or stirred toincrease octane reaction.

It is an object of this Invention that Media be Moved by Low PressureSingle Extrusion Means so the media is not damaged by the force involvedin pushing it through the system.

It is an object of this Invention that a Catalyst Passes to a CleaningPhase and is Returned to Heat so contamination coating can be removedwith various cleaning means common to the art.

It is an object of this Invention that after Gases Reform they PassThrough Top Perforations collection means.

It is an object of this Invention that an Air Evacuated Gas CollectionChamber fully enclose the upper portion of the holed part of theAbsorber Receiver Tube so the gases move into an area that isuncontaminated of air that could cause unwanted oxidation or waterformation.

CRYOGENIC LIQUEFICATION OF GASES

It is an object of this Invention that a Rotating Absorber Receiver TubeEnclose a Stationary Cryogenic Tube for the transfer of cold to theAbsorber Receiver Tube that has a media content through which gases arepasses as the said media is churned to mix and liquefy the gas contentin passage.

It is an object of this Invention that a Top Holed Absorber ReceiverTube Having Bearing and Cryogenic Seal Support for Rotation while heldat the center of a collection Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that the Rotation of the Top HoledAbsorber Receiver Tube have a speed range of 25 to 200 rpm.

It is an object of this Invention that Annulus Space Between Tubes withConvex/Concave Wall Forms create a loose shear condition as theyconflict in rotation to churn the media content.

It is an object of this Invention that the Opposed Shapes ProvideMixing/Churning and the helical arrangement of the said shapes providean upward force direction to augment the low pressure drive of theextruder that moves the media content upward in the vessel so it can beexpelled at the top for cleaning and return to the extruder at thebottom of the process.

It is an object of this Invention that the Static Cryogenic Tube provideCold to the Inert Media for liquefication of gases after introductioninto the extruder at the bottom of the process.

It is an object of this Invention that Gases Move through a mass ofInert Media as support for the gases as they are churned and mixedduring conversion to a liquid by the Cryogenic cooling.

It is an object of this Invention that the Media Moved by Low PressureSingle Extrusion Means so the media is not damaged by the force involvedin pushing it through the system

It is an object of this Invention that a Catalyst Passes to a CleaningPhase and is Returned to the Cold Condition so the chemical coatingcaused by the mixing action can be removed with various cleaning meanscommon to the art before return to the process.

It is an object of this Invention that the Liquids Produced pass offThrough Top Perforations to the enclosing Liquid Collection Chamber.

It is an object of this Invention that an Air Evacuated Gas CollectionChamber fully enclose the upper portion of the holed part of theAbsorber Receiver Tube so the chemical liquids produced move into anarea that is uncontaminated of air that could cause unwanted oxidationor water formation.

NUCLEATE BOILER STEAM GENERATION

It is an object of this Invention that High Pressure Steam for thesevarious processes be produced with a high velocity Ram-jet drivennewsprint waste-paper fueled, flame circulation system.

It is an object of this Invention that heat for steam generation becreated with a steam boiler system with use of Uncoupled Vertical BoilerTubes which receive a controlled input of hot feedwater from a sourcewithin the boiler body.

It is an object of this Invention that uncoupled vertical boiler tubeshave two or more Controlled Openings Into Steam Collection Spaces in theboiler body.

It is an object of this Invention Two or More Pressures and Temperaturesbe sustained in separate spaces within the said boiler body.

It is an object of this Invention that the said flash boiler tubes havewithin them Loosely Fitted Hollow Steel Balls that are sealed and filledwith mercury so their weight can partly overcome steam pressure andfacilitate a rise and fall excursion.

It is an object of this Invention that the movement of these said ballsprovide means to Draw in Feedwater to the inside of the tubes.

It is an object of this Invention that the movement of these said ballsDrive Steam Out of the Tube Space into the steam storage areas of theboiler body.

It is an object of this Invention that the said ball motion functions toIron Out the Nucleate Bubbles on the inner walls of the boiler tubeswhich said bubbles normally inhibit boiling functions.

It is an object of this Invention that the apparatus of this inventioncan be substantially varied with respect to the boiler body geometrybecause the essential feature is the Anti-Nucleate Balls Ironing theInside Walls of the Uncoupled Boiler Tubes to break up Nucleate Bubbleformation that inhibits steam formation.

It is an object of this Invention that the individually uncoupled flashboiler tubes Use Two Check Valves, one a common valve on a pipe to thewater reservoir and the other a ball-check valve seating on the waterreceiver opening in the said uncoupled flash boiler tube bottom.

The most important element is The Traveling Nucleate Ball that moves upand down to time water injection and cause temperature reduction andsteam pressure changes.

It is an object of this Invention that in operation the Nucleate BallBegin its Movement by Falling on Top of the Bottom Ball Check becausethere has been an influx of water.

It is an object of this Invention that the ball check with the NucleateBall weight on top of it, as well as steam pressure above the NucleateBall Holds the Water in the water receiver below.

It is an object of this Invention that the newly trapped water volume inthe water receiver body that is twice the diameter of the tube diameterflashes into steam and Drives the Ball Check up to Strike the NucleateBall starting its travel upward and as it goes the steam below expandsand is being subjected to more of the heat surrounding the tube surface.

It is an object of this Invention that as steam beneath the NucleateBall expands the rising ball pushes steam out through openings above,which reduces resistance to its rising, and As it Passes the LastOpening the External Steam Pressure Balances Against the Pressure in theTube space at the same time that the feedwater pressure is beingmaintained slightly above normal steam pressure to push through thecheck valve of the water receiver.

It is an object of this Invention that as the Nucleate Ball Begins toFall Back, partly pushed by the momentary steam pressure trapped at thetop of the tube, the hot water pushes past the Water Receiver checkvalve and moves into the said tube bottom providing a cooling functionAs the Cycle Repeats Itself.

A SUMMARY OF THE PRIOR DESCRIPTION AS A PREFACE TO A BETTERUNDERSTANDING OF THE DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Five Primary Processes make up the Integrated Methods of this Invention.

Processes I, II and III are fire gasification and reduction proceduresthat involve extruding a tube of feedstock continuously into and througha rotating perforated metal or ceramic retention tube held within anevacuated chamber while the feedstock tube's bore is used as a conduitfor heat and flame to drive gas and liquid chemical constituents out itstubular wall and through the retention tube perforations into theenclosing chamber for collection, while a by-product carbon residual ofthe feedstock's extruded tube top end is broken away and gases collectedgo to further processing.

Variation in Processes I, II and III:

Gas Chamber Internal Steam Applications

Gas Fraction Takeoff

Rotational Speed

Multiple Drives to Increase Absorber Receiver Tube Speed

Extrusion Feed Rates

Secondary or Dependent Systems of these Primary Processes I, II and III.

Waste Plastic Hydrocarbon Recovery Process

Ammonia Liquor System for Tar Removal

Ball Cleaning System for Gases

Gas Ionization Process

Parabola/Centrifugal Gas Collimating Process

Cyclotronic Molecular Gas Division Process

Anti-Nucleate Newsprint Fuel Steam Boiler System

Process IV is a procedure in which a media in particle or bead-like formis circulated into and through an extruder screw drive system to beforced upward continuously by this means inside the containment of along annually telescoped tube inside an outer tube with interfacingwalls between them that have contours and protuberances that interposethe media flowing between them in this annular space to provide adirectional force and churning action in the media so that a pluralityof metered chemical gas inputs held in the spaces between the mediaelements are mixed and chemically or reacted by the application ofintense heat or cold driven through tube center or against the outsidetube walls in the causation of this reaction or liquefaction of thesegases as means for a compounded chemical formula from this said meteredinput. (There is a strong generic relationship between the apparatusforms of Processes I, II, III and IV in the use of same extruder nozzlegeometry, perforated absorber receiver retention tubes and theapplication of hot and cold means to cause a chemical reaction.)

Variations in Process IV:

Reaction Heat or Cryogenic Liquefaction

Media Type: Catalyst in Heat or Inert in Cryogenic Conditions

Quantity of Gas Input

Rotational Speed

Extrusion Feed Rate of Media

Continuous Media Cleaning Systems for Media Restoration before Reuse

Processor V is a procedure in which a pulse of high temperature andpressurized mixed gases are injected into a hot isolated chamber betweena pair of moveable piston-like rams, each annually supported on a streamof nucleate bubbles around their outer surfaces caused by steam expelledfrom peripheral perforations and bursting into superheated steam againstthe enclosing cylinder walls, as this ram pair stand at some distancefrom one another to enclose the isolated chamber that they seal. A pairof larger diameter free pistons with a like nucleate bubble support andperipheral geometry inside a larger diameter extension of the samecylinder provided means at the cylinder ends to drive these pistons withcombustion or a steam pulse at exactly the same instant toward oneanother along a stroke path to cause them to impact against the standingrams in the shock compression of the increment of gas held between therams in the creation of a said shock/compression effect causing thereforming of the isolated gas content as the rams close this saidisolated space completely to drive the contained gases over aprogressive series of relief valves into another pressure vessel or areactor outside this assembly.

Variation in Processes V:

Gas Increment Input Temperature

Gas Increment Input Pressures

Piston Drive Pressure

Stroke Length

Piston's Speed

Ram Stroke

Ram's Speed

Ratio Piston vs. Ram Diameter

Piston's Internal Ball Diameter

Secondary or Dependent Systems of this Primary Process

Reactor Type Interface Requirements

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the introduction of low grade coal and waste plasticas feedstocks in a Plastic Waste Recovery Process--A, in which thisproduct is treated and combined with a coal by-product of the FireReduction Process--B treatment to produce a thixotropic liquefied coalproduct usable as a power-plant fuel.

FIG. 2--illustrates another form of Coal Fire Reduction Process--C inwhich gas fractioning occurs, followed by stack gas scrubbing andAmmonia Liquor Treatment--D, of gases from both process forms, followedin turn by Gas Ball Cleaning--E and introduction to Gas Ionization--Fmeans and Parabola/Centrifugal Collimating--G procedure to divide thegas constituents by molecular mass and weight. A Compressor CondenserTanking Unit--H is shown for the raw gases derived showing tankagerather than applying subsequent treatment.

FIG. 3--illustrates a number of steps applied to the gases derived inFIGS. 1 & 2 in which Cyclotronic Magnetic Field--I is employed to dividethe gases after which they can be selected for Reaction Treatment--J, orsubject to initial treatment with Sub-sonic Shock Compression--K coupledwith Steam Reforming Reaction as is illustrated here and introduction toa conventional Syn-gas recovery system, or after division the gases canbe introduced by metering means to a reaction chamber in which acatalyst media is moved by extrusion means of the invention, cleaned andrecirculated for reuse as the gases are combined in a heated reactionand converted into another gas form. The final illustration shows a HotCatalyst Reaction Plant--L in which a catalyst used as a gas supportingreaction media as it is driven by an extruder means to transport itthrough a system generic to those mentioned before so the catalyst canbe processed in a side operation to clean and restore it before itrecirculated to the extruder for reintroduction to the hot processingtower. This also affords an opportunity to makeup catalyst in acontinuous process.

FIG. 4 illustrates another application of the extrusion procedure inwhich the generated gases are introduced into an inert particle mediaform that is circulated under Cryogenic cold conditions to CryogenicallyLiquefy and Mixed--M as held in an inert media so they can be combinedas a chemical. Also illustrated is a special straight tube Anti-NucleateBoiler System--N that uses "cottonized" waste newsprint for fuel in thegeneration of high temperature steam for these various processes. (Fulldescriptions of all these various apparatus forms is provided in theFIG. 5 through FIG. 101 that follow.

FIG. 5-B is a cut-away and cross-sectional view of the ore orHydrocarbon Fire Reduction System employing the mass extrusion means ofthis invention showing some detail of the fundamentals of the Extruder,Absorber Receiver Tube, the Center Fire Source, Main Gas Chamber and itsheating means.

FIG. 6-B shows the basic extruder nozzle form internally that directsthe flow of the two extrusions that originate from the inputs, thestreamline piping of the inside the extruder that affords passage ofvacuum extraction, gas and flame input as well as the cross-over pointwhere the lining extrusions move to the inside of the feedstock tube forits protection.

FIG. 7-B these two sketches illustrate the involute gear form impartedto the outside diameter of the extrusion as a friction clutching meansfor the speed conversion as the extrusion passes from a static extrudernozzle into the rotating absorber receiver tube in the heat treatmenttower.

FIG. 8-B is a cross-sectional view of the extruder nozzle workingsshowing the drives, the intermediate connection of the extruder with theAbsorber Receiver Tube and the extrudate path with the paths of variousinputs.

FIG. 9-B is a top view and cut-away of the ram-jet engines employed forthe center fire circulation loops that provide the heat within thefeedstock tube.

FIG. 10-B is a smaller view of the Fire Reduction Plant of FIG. 5showing the delivery of the soft-char of the fire by-product carbon to astorage below ground level that controls the gas taken from thismaterial at it is cooled.

FIG. 11-B is a cross-section view of the extruder nozzle showing a dualdrive to provide a double increase in the speed of the absorber receiverretention tube that carries the extrudate mass upward as the center-fireis driven through its center. An inset shows the louver means forallowing feedstock passage as it is vacuumed of air.

FIG. 12-C is a single drive extruder form in which seals on variousports are of rotary form so the nozzle itself can be turned on an axisas it supports the extrusion rising in the receiver tube.

FIG. 13-B is an extruder nozzle like that of FIG. 11 but illustratingthat a plurality of gas inputs can be employed to inject chemical intothe extrusion itself as it is driven through the nozzle.

FIG. 14-B is an enlarged view of the basic functional parts of amultiple extrusion capacity united mounting with the dual drive, thespeed control involute gear apparatus, vacuum equipment, feedstockinput, flame input, liquor takeoff an gas return to its main gas chamberfrom stack gas scrubber.

FIG. 15-B is a cross-sectional view of the Medium Temperature ProcessorI showing the fire circulation driven by a plurality of Ram-jet engines,the center fire circuit, the radiator, extrudate column, the steamcooled soft char, producer's gas output, the condensers for waterrecovery form the producer's gas cooling steam and water reintroductionat the system top as driven by a water pump. Water or Producer's gas isdrawn down by venturi for inclusion in fuel for the center fire togetherwith Natural Gas, compressed air and oxygen introduced at the extruder.This is a slowly rotating unit that does not require means conformingthe extrusion from the static state of the extruder to the slow rotationof the absorber receiver tube. Process III is identical in structure butits contruction comprises exotic metals that permit very hightemperatures and it fundamentally more simple in that the emphasis is ontotal reduction of the feedstock to gases for reconstitution. Itoperates at the highest possible speed in RPM of the Absorber ReceiverTube.

FIG. 16-C is a cross-sectional detail almost identical to that of FIG.15 except for the addition of the Processor II features that involvesrough fractioning of gases taken off to a plurality of cooler gasreceivers set at different levels in the wall of the main gas chamber inwhich extension tubes reach into the chamber to avoid wall flow of tarsand waste products.

FIG. 17-C is a cross-sectional schematic drawing of the extrusion tubefiring procedure showing the fractioning in the gas chamber andsoft-char production.

FIG. 18-C is a cut-away of the center absorber receiver tube andfire-tube functions illustrating the gas flow spiral circuit respondingto the steam injection for circulation of gas within the gas chamber andthe reinjection of the ammonia liquor at the system top in the creationof more gas.

FIG. 19-C is a like illustration showing the fractioning levels for gastake-off to the peripheral conditioning apparatus through the lowertemperature gas receivers, together with the steam injection scrubberused in the lower temperature Processor I with liquor and tar takeoff tothe Ammonia Liquor Processor.

FIG. 20-C is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the "cup-like" devicethat serves to aid in capturing a gas pulse as it flows over the convexside of this apparatus to create a dwell or pause in the gas flow at thelower pressure opening at the cup's center.

FIG. 21-L is a cross-sectional view of an extruder assembly in a likegeneric form but here the extruder functions to move a catalyst median apath enclosing a center-fire heat source. At the extruder nozzle one ora plurality of gases are introduced to flow upward through this catalystmedia in a reaction function that can be endothermic or exothermicdepending upon the prior compression functions.

FIG. 22-L is a cut-away view of the center portions of the receiver-tubeinto which the catalyst media is pushed upward as the gases are driventhrough. The shape and placement on these tube walls serve to rotate andraise the catalyst media in a screw type action while creating achurning force. Like all the receiver tube forms of this invention invarious processes the receiver-tube has perforations to permit theoutflow of product--in this case the perforations are at the top of thetube so a maximum period of exposure to the catalyst occurs prior toescape of the reformed gas.

FIG. 23-L is a cross-sectional illustration of a plurality of the heattransfer radiators through and around which the center-fire flows and inwhich oxygen input enhances the heat and sustains the flame in passagethrough the holed form of this high temperature ceramic hanging partthat is suspended in the center of the absorber receiver tube.

FIG. 24-L is a cross-sectional enlarged inset view of the vacuum trap atthe top of a high molecular weight fluid through which the media passesso a vacuum can be maintain in the system.

FIG. 25-M is a cross-sectional view of a complete extruder/absorberreceiver tube tower assembly in which an inert media is circulated withexposure to an extremely cold source so gas content within the spacesurround the media is reduced in temperature to a level to reduce thegases to liquid. These tubes supporting the media rotation as thecontent of liquefied gases are mixed and churned to finally be expelledas a chemical formulation.

FIG. 26-M is an enlarged cut-away view of the internal tube structure ina generic form like that serves to churn the media content as it rises.

FIG. 27-M is an enlarged view of the vacuum trap as in FIG. 24.

FIG. 28-E is a cross-sectional view of gas cleaning apparatus in whichsmall hollow perforated balls are circulated through a hopper likeapparatus so that gas is driven through clean balls so particulate canaccumulate on their surfaces as the gas passes upward for delivery toother treatment.

FIG. 29-E is a cross-sectional view of the ball cleaning apparatusthrough which the particulate loaded balls pass and are blasted cleanwith a sharp line of pressurized gas that is driven against them as theymove in a restricted path on rails permitting them to spin under theurging of this jet pressure impact that blow the particulate off forcollection as a usable carbon.

FIG. 30-E is a pattern form of a disk, a plurality of which are arrayedin a horizontal stack with close space so the stream of particulate asdriven from the balls accumulates on their surfaces. This accumulationis shaken free by the operation of a vibrator that causes theparticulate to fall to hopper where an extruder screw compresses it intoa tube form that is broken as it drops into a cooling liquid.

FIG. 31-E is a cut-away illustration of the rail section of FIGS.26-(36) used to support the rolling balls as they pass the gas blastcleaning apparatus.

FIG. 32-E a series of drawings of ball perforations illustrate thereason for a particular perforation pattern and hole size that avoidsthe flattening of the ball surface caused by larger openings.

FIG. 33-F a view of a renewable cathode apparatus as seen from the pointof view of a passing gas flow that shows the winding of an aluminum wireon a conical form.

FIG. 34-F is a cross-sectional illustration of the apparatus for drivingand rewinding an aluminum wire cathode material on a cone form that isheld in an air evacuated space through which the gas is driven. Themechanism chamber is charged with carbon dioxide that serves as acooling medium as well as means for exclusion of air.

FIG. 35-F is a magnified view of the wire seal that is a tightly woundspring form that providing a tortuous leak path for the pressurizedcarbon dioxide as the wire is drawn through these.

FIG. 36-D is a schematic view with partial cut-away sections toillustrate the application of particular tar separation and specificgravity sensing apparatus that determines the release of ammonia liquorat a desirable density for return to the gasification chamber after useas a scrubbing liquor for stack gas from the system.

FIG. 37-D illustrates the form of the valving apparatus associated withthe specific gravity liquid control.

FIG. 38-D is a cross-sectional view of the tar separation apparatus ofthis invention.

FIG. 39-A is a detailed schematic of a processing plant for handlingchopped waste plastic with chock steam reforming of this feedstock toproduce a flammable liquid that when combined with a powdered low-gradecoal can be mixed mechanically and sonically with the plastichydrocarbon liquid to achieve a thixotropic liquefied coal fuel forpower plant use. The shock treatment removes the chlorine content in thewaste plastic material that would inhibit burning.

FIG. 40-A is a cross-sectional view of a hammer mill apparatus used inpulverizing the soft-char by-product of the fire reduction process.

FIG. 41-A is a ribbon/shear mixer that serves to combine coal powder andhydrocarbon liquors prior to treatment in a sonic mixing apparatus as afinal combining step in the process for a liquefied coal.

FIG. 42-A condenser apparatus for cooling vacuum effluent with gastakeoff compression and storage.

FIG. 43-A a cross-sectional profile of the compression chamber in whichthe shock is applied by opposed pistons. In this illustration the spaceis evacuated.

FIG. 44-A a like profile in which chopped plastic feedstock is charged.

FIG. 45-A an end view of the shock compression chamber.

FIG. 46-A a like profile showing the start of compression created bycombustion at the opposite ends of the pistons causing them to bepropelled to shock compress the space between them containing thechopped plastic feedstock.

FIG. 47-A a like profile showing the shock stroke completion and theliquefied plastic material ready for discharge.

FIG. 48-G is a cross-sectional view of gas flow into a parabola formthat is rotating at high speed with the parabola face divided intohorizontal finite planes or slit openings adjoining like stationary slitopenings that serve to collimate and divide the planes of gas into arough molecular size selection.

FIG. 49-G is a plane profile drawing of the slip openings of theparabola face showing the concave guide surfaces at the entrance to theslit openings.

FIG. 50-G is a plane drawing of the parabola form calculation as used inthis configuration.

FIG. 51-G is a cross-sectional view of the wave-guide like tube ofhorizontal slit openings that serves as the conduit from this apparatusto those treatment steps that follow.

FIG. 52-M On the outer edges the end of the circular manifold valves canbe seen leading to piping that ends in a hot reaction or coldliquefication extruder apparatus. This is a cross-sectional view of thecold liquefication system and the inert media extruder into which aplurality of gases are directed so the rotational means can providechurning and mixing of the gases as they liquefy.

FIG. 53-I is a cross-sectional side view of the magnet of thecyclotronic molecular mass division apparatus of the invention, in whicha direct current coil serves to energize the iron core magnet and polesbetween which the gas flows as seen in FIG. 55--(55).

FIG. 54-I is a perspective illustration showing the magnet pole pieces,the gas movement and the vertical slit opening around the periphery incut-away.

FIG. 55-I a top view of the open magnet bottom pole with tubes radiatingfrom the magnet edge around the periphery of which are closely spacedvertical flits that lead into each tube. Gas is introduced to the magnetedge by a nozzle and circles under the influence of the magnetic fieldto finally fall out in one or a series of vertical slits that representthe molecular weight of a given gas within the mass.

FIG. 56-I at the ends of the tubes of FIG. 55 a group of three valvescontrol the entrance to a circular manifold that surrounds the magnetand serves to collect a bandwidth of gas fall out into a group of tubes.Two valves serve to open or close a pathway to the circular manifold andthe remaining valve is closed so only one around a spectrum of gasfallout will be selected to represent the gases flowing to the manifoldfrom a plurality of slits representing that area of magnetic influence.

FIG. 57-I is a perspective illustration of a possible geometry andpositioning of the gas input pipe, followed by the renewable cathodeionization means that the gas flows past and finally a representativeperspective sketch of the turning gas molecules in the magnetic fieldand fallout to three representative slit openings in the enclosingperiphery. An electrical charge difference is shown as supporting anadjustable D.C. voltage potential between the ionization station and theperipheral slit enclosure.

FIG. 58-K is a cross-sectional view of the components of a simple formof sub-sonic shock impact piston cylinder assemble on one side only(normally two pistons oppose one another and this drawing shows onlyone). This form is a diesel or gas driven unit with a free piston andactuation of combustion created by impact of the piston at the cylinderterminus.

FIG. 59-K is a cross-sectional view of a piston within the cylindershowing the nucleate steam bubble formation at the perforations thatsupport the piston in a floating support as in an air-bearing, but withthe added impetus of a force imparting motion in the direction in whichthe piston is impelled.

FIG. 60-K is a cross-sectional view of a piston of this invention inwhich the porting is shown with cross-drilling to provide a manifoldcondition at the surface under the perforated sleeve that encloses thecylinder outside diameter.

FIG. 61-K is full view illustration of the piston of this invention inwhich the nozzle end tapers are shown that provide a driving force tomove the piston when impelled in one direction or another in the piston.The pattern of perforations is also shown.

FIG. 62-K is a cut-away and cross-sectional view of apart of thecylinder with the piston at rest in a piston between ports usable fordetermination of piston position or for input or output of drivingforces. The chambering of the piston affords the generation of lowpressure steam in the cooling maintenance of the cylinder walls.

FIG. 63-K illustrates the placement of six cylinder assemblies aroundthe center of the hexagonal mounting and control block of FIG. 60 sothat three assemblies can be used as compression units with two pistonsopposed in each.

FIG. 64-K is a cross-section top view of the piston mounting that is ahexagonal block machines in detail from a single piece for maximumstrength to resist the very high pressures generated by this system. Theunit incorporates an assembly that is compressed air actuated with smallpilot pistons to move control elements in triggering of combustion ofopening or closing of air pistons attached valves at the opposite end ofthe cylinder assembly.

FIG. 65-K is a cross-sectional view of the compressed air controlmechanism that impacted by the piston at the stroke end with smallauxiliary piston movement that opens porting to open and close valves atthe opposite ends of the cylinder.

FIG. 66-J a cross-sectional view of a reaction chamber standing on thehexagonal mounting block so that the product of the compression isdelivered directly into the reactor. The pistons and cylinders of FIG.62 are not shown mounted on this block.

FIG. 67-J a cross-section of the reactor of FIG. 63 showing the verticaltubing that provides heat transfer to the catalyst media at the center.

FIGS. 68-J & K a cut-away illustration of an attemperation unit that isemployed throughout this system of processes as the means for wateraddition to the steam generation equipment and also means fortemperature control.

FIG. 69-K is a top cross-sectional view of the hexagonal mounting blockof FIG. 60 showing the mounting flange for attachment to the reactor andthe conjunction of porting for transfer of hot exhaust and the controlcomponents.

FIG. 70-K is a cross-sectional illustration of an entire piston/cylinderassembly showing the opposed pistons in an ending impact positionagainst the rams that hold the feedstock between them and the returnstroke position (dotted line) illustrating the adjustable arrestingapparatus employed to avoid damage in impact while still closing withshock force against the feedstock held in the space between the pistons.

FIG. 71-K is an enlarged cross-section view of the nearly closedposition of the pistons, ball arresting part of the piston, the rams andrelief valves that function to control the passage of feedstock to theimpact space. Emphasis here is on the use of the perforated surfaces onall moving elements in the cylinder, pistons and ram.

FIG. 72-K a cross-sectional illustration of the rod-valve component thatmoves in and out of the piston body to provide an arresting function aswell as provide the final closing of the seal on the compression spaceas the gas increment is driven out through the pressure relief valveinto the reaction chamber or collection vessel.

FIG. 73-K like FIG. 71 this is a cross-section taken through the pistonwall showing the supporting thread-like grooves holding the perforatedshell and serving as a manifold for steam passage out of theperforations.

FIG. 74-K is another enlarged view of the piston/cylinder assembly inthe near closed position of FIG. 72 and FIG. 74, but here the emphasisis upon the valving unit that maintains a high pressure in the feedstockchamber until the pressure overcomes the spring retention so the gas canbe expelled.

FIG. 75-K view of one cylinder end showing the arresting gear used ateach end to arrest the velocity of the piston after the isolated gasincrement is impacted, using orifice controls of escaping air or steamplus the large spring at the cylinder end as well as the springs withinthe rod-valve unit that impacts the ball inside the piston. Thisprevents this force from being destructive mechanically.

FIG. 76-K is an enlarged view of the spring assembly retaining the ballcheck at the upper or high pressure relief side while holding to alesser pressure restraint at the lower or low pressure side that admitsgases to the compression chamber.

FIG. 77 is an enlarged end view of the spring/valves assembly.

FIG. 78-K is a cross-section illustration showing the piston approachingthe impact.

FIG. 79-K is a cross-section illustration showing the piston commencingimpact with the action of various elements.

FIG. 80-K is a cross-section illustration showing the piston in amid-position of impact with other element positions.

FIG. 81-K is a cross-section illustration showing the piston in fullcontact with ram pushing to complete closure.

FIG. 82-K is a cross-section illustration showing the impact closure.

FIG. 83-K is a cross-section illustration showing the piston in bounceretraction commencing the return stroke.

FIG. 84-K is a cross-section illustration showing the piston indeparture.

FIG. 85-K is a sketch in cross-section of the connection of steam supplyand return to drive an array of assembled piston cylinder units inradial form as used in connection with reforming of stack-gas in a powerplant application.

FIG. 86-K is a section of FIG. 88 showing a single cylinder dual pistonassembly illustrating the use of attemperation units for temperaturecontrol and water addition to the chambers with the cylinder.

FIG. 87-J is a simplistic sketch of the application of a single pistoncylinder assembly to the production of methanol from stack gas.

FIG. 88-K a cross-sectional illustration of a critical element in thecontrol of the operation of the steam driven sub-sonic shock compressionunit. This is a rotary throttle valve that is driven by apressure/volume regulated constant steam stream passing over an impellerthat turns a cylindrical valve on the same axis to intermittently opento high pressure steam that is delivered in pulses to the seriescylinder/pistons assemblies simultaneously to achieve a synchronousdrive in the piston pairs that oppose one another. The holed cylindersurface is supported by the steam pressure without weight or resistanceto the rotational force using the nucleate bubble principle of thisinvention.

FIG. 89-K a cross-sectional end view of the rotor/cylinder assembly ofFIG. 88 showing sections along the axis.

FIG. 90-K a cross-sectional view of the rotor impeller that is driven bysteam input.

FIG. 91-K a cross-sectional view of the portion of the rotor/cylinderunit that is the valve that intermittently opens in rotation.

FIG. 92-K cross-sectional view showing the steam escape port for thesteam return from the application of steam to the perforations of therotor assembly.

FIG. 93-K a cross-sectional view through the rotor edge showing theperforated surface overlying a grooved surface that serves as a manifoldbeneath these perforations serviced by porting to the center of therotor.

FIG. 94-K is a cross-sectional illustration showing the use of areflective light beam deflected by the surface of the piston in passage.A long focal length lens is shown in use to remove the optical equipmentaway from the heat of the apparatus.

FIG. 95-K is an illustration like FIG. 94 but employing the passage of alaser beam across the piston path for the same purpose.

FIG. 96-K an enlarged cross-sectional view of the lens element use.

FIG. 97-K an illustration like FIG. 95 in variation.

FIGS. 98-K & J is a complete detail schematic of piping and controls forthe application of three sub-sonic compression units as illustrated inFIG. 87 applied to a pair of reaction chambers and a high temperaturesteam accumulator mounted in close-coupled relation with one another toproduce alcohol form natural gas. The emphasis here is on theconservation of steam energy by maximum use of the heat generated withthe system elements themselves.

FIG. 99-J an annotated schematic illustration of the system of FIG. 98.

FIG. 100-N a cut-away schematic of the newsprint fired steam boiler ofthis invention that employs the cottonized newsprint as fuel driven pastbanks of vertical water tubes using heavy balls to iron the nucleatebubble form the tube wall as they cycle up and down within each tube.

FIG. 101-N a cut-away and cross-sectional view of the boiler tubeelements of the newsprint boiler of FIG. 100 and detail of function.

    ______________________________________                                        ALPHA-NUMERICAL INDEX USED IN                                                 DRAWINGS OF SPECIFICATION                                                     (Unused Numbers Are Shown                                                     ______________________________________                                        A    Waste Plastic Hydrocarbon Recovery Plant                                      (Extension Process of Processor I)                                       B    Encapsulated Fire Reduction Gasification Plants                               (Processors I and II Configuration)                                      C    Fire Reduction and Gasification Fractioning Type Plant                        (Processor III)                                                          D    Ammonia Liquor and Tar Recovery Plant                                         (Ammonia Liquor Plant for Processors I, II and III)                      E    Ball System for Dry Gas Cleaning                                              (Gas Cleaning-Non-contaminating System)                                  F    Renewable Cathode Gas Ionizer                                                 (Essential Gas Treatment Prior to                                             Molecular Division Procedures)                                           G    Parabola/Centrifugal/Collimator                                               (Rough Gas Division Method)                                              H    Gas Condenser/Recompressor and Tank Storage                                   (Conventional and Essential                                                   Gas Handling Apparatus)                                                  I    Cyclotron Gas Division Magnetic Field Apparatus                               (Molecular Mass Gas Division Method)                                     J    Hot Static State Catalyst Reactor                                             (Close Coupled with SSS Compressor for                                        Free Energy Steam Conversation)                                          K    Sub-sonic Shock Compressor                                                    (Free Piston Fuel or Steam Driven Compressor)                            L    Hot Gas Catalyst Transport Steam Reactor                                      (Hot Process IV Catalyst Media Loop                                           Cleanup, Rework and Return)                                              M    Cold Media Input Cryogenic Liquefication Mixer                                (Cold Process IV Inert Media Circulation                                      System of Gas Liquefication and Mixing)                                  N    Anti-nucleate Boiler Tube Steam Generator                                     (Ancillary Steam Production Method                                            Using Newsprint as Fuel)                                                 O    Optical Piston Position Sensing System                                        (Optical Visual Means to Determine Piston                                     Position, Speed and Direction)                                           1.   Waste Plastic Rail Gondola Car Load (1)                                  2.   Coal Rail Gondola Cars (2)                                               3.   Sub-sonic Shock Charging Tank for Waste Plastic (3)                      4.   Bellows Compression (Plastic Receiver) (4)                               5.   Second Charging Tank (Plastic) (5)                                       6.   Extruder Hopper (6)                                                      7.   Second Bellows Compression Receiver (7)                                  8.   Steam Ejector Vacuum Unit (8)                                            9.   Compressed Air Input (9)                                                 9a.  Ditto (9a)                                                               9b.  Ditto (9b)                                                               9c.  Ditto (9c)                                                               9d.  Ditto (9d)                                                               9e.  Ditto (9e)                                                               10.  Vacuum Line to Charging Tank One (10).                                   10a. Vacuum Line (10a)                                                        11.  Feedstock Extruder (11)                                                  12.  Drive Gearing (12)                                                       12a. CO.sub.2 Cooled Bearings                                                 13.  Ram-jet Engine (13)                                                      14.  Coal Input Hopper (14)                                                   15.  Absorber Receiver Tubs (15)                                              16.  Soft Char Output (16)                                                    17.  Feed into Coal Hammer Mill Pulverizer (17)                               18.  Hammer Mill Pulverizer (18)                                              19.  Ribbon/Shear Mixer (19)                                                  20.  Unused                                                                   21.  Sonic Mixer (21)                                                         22.  Transfer pipe to Tank Car Loader (22)                                    23.  Tank Car Loading Hose (23)                                               24.  Liquefied Coal Tank Car (24)                                             25.  Heat Radiating Vanes on Center Fire Return Conduit (25)                  26.  Internal Space in Gas Chamber (26)                                       27.  Scrubbed Wet Liquid Ammonia Gas from Ammonia/Tar Plant (27)              28.  Ammonia Liquor from Processors I, II or III. (28)                        29.  Prime Gas Output from Processors I, II or III (29)                       30.  Unused                                                                   31.  Stack gas (31)                                                           32.  Steam Ejector Vacuum Equipment (32)                                      32a. Ditto (32a)                                                              32b. Ditto (32b)                                                              32c. Ditto (32c)                                                              32d. Ditto (32d)                                                              32e. Ditto (32e)                                                              33.  Vacuum for Condenser (33)                                                34.  Vacuum for Chemical Tank (34)                                            35.  Vacuum for Extruder (35)                                                 36.  Vacuum for Extruder (36)                                                 37.  Vacuum for Catalyst Trap (37)                                            38.  Gas Fractioning Output from Processor II (36)                            38a. Rough Gas Fractions to Tankage (38a)                                     39.  Pressure Storage Tank (39)                                               40.  Stack Gas Pipeline to Scrubber (40)                                      41.  Gas Scrubber Tower Using Ammonia Liquor Wash (41)                        42.  Ammonia Liquor Circulating Loop (42)                                     43.  Flow Switch Valve/Sensor for Density Control (43)                        44.  Ammonia Liquor Output Line (44)                                          45.  Tar Output Line (45)                                                     45a. Tar Tank 1 (45a)                                                         45b. Tar Tank 2 (45b)                                                         45c. Tar Tank 3 (45c)                                                         45d. Tar Tank 4 (45d)                                                         45e. Tar Tank 5 (45e)                                                         46.  Gas Input Pipe to Gas Cleaner (46)                                       47.  Gas Cleaning Ball Hopper (47)                                            48.  Gas Cleaning Tank (48)                                                   49.  Ball Blaster Cleaning Station (49)                                       50.  Gas 29 Conversion to Gas 50 after Ionization (50)                        51.  Wave-guide Collimation Gas Conductor Tube (51)                           52.  Gas Passage Collimator (52)                                              53.  Feedstock (53)                                                           54.  Liner Feedstock (54)                                                     55.  Structure of Magnet and Coil (55)                                        56.  Vent to Exhaust                                                          57.  Vent Shield                                                              58.  Magnetic Field Center in Cyclotron (58)                                  59.  Inset-Top View of Cyclotron Magnetic Field                                    Plane and Divisions (59)                                                 60.  Multi-Gas Division Output from Cyclotron (60)                            60a. Manifold Divisions (60a)                                                 60b. ditto (60b)                                                              60c. ditto (60C)                                                              60e. ditto (60e)                                                              61.  Gas Selection to Processor IV Hot Catalyst Reactor (61)                  62.  Gas Input to Cold Liquefication                                          63.  Unused                                                                   64.  Catalyst Cleaner (64)                                                    65.  Cold Media Liquefication Chemical Formation (65)                         66.  Hot Catalyst Media Reactor (66)                                          67.  Media Cleaner (67)                                                       68.  Insert Media Churning Shape in Absorber Receiver                              Tube Assembly (68)                                                       69.  Perforations at Top of Absorber Receiver Tube (69)                       70.  Reacted Gas Control Valve HCMR (70)                                      71.  Chemical Product Pipe Line from HCMR. (71)                               72.  SSS Compressor Assembly (72)                                             72a. Ditto (72a)                                                              72b. Ditto (72b)                                                              73.  Catalyst in Reactor Tower of Reactor SSS Compressor                           Combination (73)                                                         74.  Gas Takeoff Port from Catalyst (74)                                      75.  Methanol Output of SSSCat/Reactor Plant (75)                             76.  Chemical Mix Tank (76)                                                   77.  Chemicals from Cold Liquefication System (77)                            78.  Reacted Gas to Condenser (78)                                            79.  Flame Passage in Boiler (79)                                             80.  Flame Loop (80)                                                          81.  Boiler Tubes (81)                                                        82.  Saturated Steam (82)                                                     83.  Near Super-heated Steam (83)                                             84.  Superheated Steam (84)                                                   85.  Clay/Glass Hopper feed for Extruder (85)                                 86.  Extruder for Liner (86)                                                  87.  Unused                                                                   88.  Stack Damper (88)                                                        89.  Flame/Fuel Combining Point in Nozzle (89)                                90.  Detail of Streamline Piping Form Change (90)                             91.  Nozzle Input for Feedstock (91)                                          92.  Feedstock Channel in Nozzle (92)                                         93.  Nozzle Input for Liner (93)                                              94.  Top Taper to Break Char (94)                                             95.  Feedstock/Liner Crossover Point in Nozzle (95)                           96.  Involute Gear Form for Extrusion Speed Change                                 Accommodation (96)                                                       97.  Involute Cross-section Sketch (97)                                       98.  Liquor Downcomer (98)                                                    99.  Condenser (99)                                                           99a. Dry Gas Condenser (99a)                                                  100. Soft Char Receiver Pit (100)                                             101. Soft Char Receiver Pit (101)                                             102. Pit Fume Blower System (102)                                             103. Drain and Heavy Gas Duct (103)                                           104. Rotary Base Support and Drive (104)                                      105. Extruder Vacuum Port Vacuum Louver Guard (105)                           105a.                                                                              Vacuum Louver Guard (105a)                                               106. Gas Input Port on Extruder (106)                                         107. Producer's Gas Input Port (107)                                          108. Natural Gas Input Port (108)                                             109. Compressed Air Input Port (109)                                          110. Oxygen Input (110)                                                       111. Center Fire Spool Checker Radiator (111)                                 112. Bead Catalyst (112)                                                      113. Stack Flash-Steam Heat Recovery Coil (113)                               114. Perforated Flue Uptake Tube (114)                                        115. Dry Inert Media (115)                                                    116. Expelled Inert Media (116)                                               117. Media Wash Treatment (117)                                               118. Auger Lift for Drying Media (118)                                        119. Water Recovery Tank (119)                                                120. High Speed Gear Drive (120)                                              121. Rotary Gas Cooled Mechanical Seals (121)                                 122. Two-Speed Static Body Extruder (122)                                     123. One-Speed Rotating Body Extruder (123)                                   124. Two-Speed Static Body Multi Port Extruder (124)                          125. Water Pump Return from Condenser (125)                                   126. Unused                                                                   127. Soft Char Chute Trap (127)                                               128. Chute to Storage (128)                                                   129. Unused                                                                   130. Oxygen Output Point in Spool Checker Radiator (130)                      131. Oxygen Hanger Pipe for Center Fire Radiator (131)                        132. Chemical Reservoir (132)                                                 133. Rotary Valve Closed for Ram Jet (133)                                    134. Rotary Valve Opened for Ram Jet (134)                                    135. Sliding Bearing for Ram-Jet Recoil (135)                                 136. Hydraulic Pistons for Recoil Pressure Generation (136)                   137. Center Fire Loop (137)                                                   137a.                                                                              Center Fire Return in Close Position Against Absorber Receiver                Tube                                                                     138. Water Gas Vent (138)                                                     139. Pulsing Valve on Raw Gas Receiver (139)                                  140. Top Water Reservoir (140)                                                141. Water Spray Cooler for Soft Char (141)                                   142. Producer's Gas from Soft Char Cooling (142)                              142a.                                                                              Water Gas Pressure Line (142a)                                           143. Soft Char Rotary Gate (143)                                              144. Soft Char Moving Down Chute to Storage (144)                             145. Dried Soft Char Water Gas (145)                                          146. Venturi Drawdown of water gas into Center Fire Course (146)              147. Gas Pickup Tube (147)                                                    148. Natural Gas Reservoir at Top (148)                                       149. Ram-Jet Spark Plug (149)                                                 150. Gas Collection Cup (150)                                                 151. Ammonia Liquor Spray into Gas Chamber Space (151)                        152. Low Temperature Pulsed Gas Receiver (152)                                153. Flame in Center Fire (153)                                               154. Chamber Steam Jets for Absorber Receiver Tube (154)                      155. Steam and Water Jet Gas Rotational Jet (155)                             156. Gas Rotational Path (156)                                                156a.                                                                              Gas Eddy Path at Cup (156a)                                              157. Tar (157)                                                                158. Gas Expelled from Absorber Receiver(158)                                 159. More Gas Expelled from AR (159)                                          160. Expelled Catalyst (160)                                                  161. Catalyst Wash Treatment (161)                                            162. Wash Manifold (162)                                                      162a.                                                                              Media Wash Pump (162a)                                                   163. Auger Lift for Drying Catalyst (163)                                     164. Wash Recovery (164)                                                      165. Dry Catalyst Return (165)                                                165a.                                                                              Catalyst Media Wash Pump                                                 166. Vacuum Trap (166)                                                        167. Dry and Cleaned Restored Catalyst Returned to Extruder (167)             168. Catalyst Hot Gas Space (168)                                             169. Vacuum Tank Receiver for Catalyst Gas (169)                              170. Reactor Steam System (170)                                               171. Hot Compressed Air System for Catalyst Drying (171)                      172. Cold Fluid Input (172)                                                   173. Cold Fluid Return (173)                                                  174. Static Convoluted Wall of Outer Cold Tube (174)                          175. Convex Half Ball Shapes on I.D. of Absorber Receiver Tube (175)          176. Cold Delivery Tube (176)                                                 177. Cold Return Tube (177)                                                   178. Dry Media Nozzle Input (178)                                             179. SSS Steam Attemperation Unit 72 (179)                                    180. Perforated Ball Funnel in Ball Cleaner (180)                             181. Ball Drive (181)                                                         182. Ball Delivery Tube to Gas Cleaner (182)                                  183. Ball Cleaning Tank (183)                                                 184. Ball Delivery Tube to Ball Cleaner (184)                                 185. Blaster Tube Retainer (185)                                              186. Air Knife Form and Final Manifold (186)                                  187. Carbon Dioxide Manifold (187)                                            188. Air Knife Slit (188)                                                     189. Slot for Blow Off (189)                                                  190. Ball (190)                                                               191. Ball Rails (191)                                                         192. Holes in Balls (192)                                                     193. Undesirable Flattening with Larger Holes (193)                           194. Tube Ball Line from Gas Cleaner to Ball Cleaner (194)                    195. Discs (195)                                                              195a.                                                                              Disc Stack (195a)                                                        196. Disc Vibrator (196)                                                      197. Hopper Vibrator (197)                                                    198. Dust Extruder (198)                                                      199. Extruded Carbon Briquette Cylinders (199)                                200. Gas Inonization Unit (200)                                               201. Aluminum Wire Wrapped on Cone (201)                                      202. Zirconium Plated Aluminum Wire (202)                                     203. Cone Spool End Cap (203)                                                 204. Torque Driven Capstan Drives (204)                                       205. Idler Pulley (205)                                                       206. Wire Vacuum Seals (206)                                                  207. Spring Wind in Seal (207)                                                208. Compressed CO.sub.2 Input from Compressor (not shown) (208)              208a.                                                                              CO.sub.2 Exhaust from Chamber                                            209. Ionization Chamber (209)                                                 210. CO.sub.2 Pressurized Gas Input for Bearing Cooling (210)                 211. Steam Pump (211)                                                         212. Scrubber Tower (212)                                                     213. Steam Input to Tar Separator (213)                                       214. Ammonia Liquor Spray Head on Scrubber (214)                              215. First Stage Tar Separator (215)                                          216. Check Valve to Ammonia Liquor Loop (26)                                  217. Tar Discharge Valve (217)                                                218. Discharge Pipe End in Tar Tank (218)                                     219. High Pressure Steam Input (219)                                          220. Steam Return (220)                                                       221. Tar Pump (221)                                                           222. Ammonia Liquor Intensifying Loop (222)                                   223. Transfer Valve and Density Sensor for Loop Discharge (223)               224. Steam Heated Tar Trap Baffles (224)                                      225. Ammonia Liquor Viscosity Sensor (225)                                    226. Valve Actuator (226)                                                     227. Liquor Pump (227)                                                        228. Gas Fumes (228)                                                          229. Gas Fume Topping Ammonia Liquor Tank (229)                               230. Gas Fume Trunk (230)                                                     231. Emergency Vent (231)                                                     232. Fume Transfer to Scrubber (232)                                          233. Input Steam Line to (3)-(233)                                            234. Input Steam Line to (5)-(234)                                            235. Steam Valves to (3) & (5)-(235)                                          236. Vacuum Pipes to (3) & (5)-(236)                                          237. Lower Parabola Face (237)                                                238. Plastic in Bellows Loader (238)                                          239. Bellows Loader Lid Open (239)                                            240. Bellow Loader Lid Closed (240)                                           241. Bellows of Loader Deflated (241)                                         242. Bellows of Loader Inflated (242)                                         243. Cylindrical Compacting Chamber Closed (243)                              244. Hydraulic Ram Drives (244)                                               245. Fast Thread Ram Lead Screw (245)                                         246. Moyno Form Threaded Ram (246)                                            247. Ball Valve Open (247)                                                    247a.                                                                              Ball Valve Closed (247a)                                                 248. Chill Coils for Hydrocarbon Liquid Receiver (248)                        249. H/C Liquid input to Ribbon Mixer (249)                                   250. Chemical Additives to Coal/H/C Mix (250)                                 251. Second Chemical Additive to Coal/H/C Mix (251)                           252. Mix delivery to Sonic Mixer (252)                                        253. First Acid Reservoir (252)                                               253a.                                                                              Second Acid Reservoir. (253)                                             254. Acid Discharge Valve (254)                                               255. Liquid Shield on Gas Takeoff (255)                                       256. Pressure Tank Recovery (256)                                             257. Top Gas Recovery (257)                                                   258. Assist Vacuum for Shock Chamber 3-(258)                                  259. Assist Vacuum for Shock Chamber 5-(259)                                  260. Right Piston (260)                                                       261. Left Piston (261)                                                        262. Discharge Valve on Cylinder (262)                                        263. Compression Begins on Plastic (263)                                      264. Compression Completed (264)                                              264a.                                                                              Ditto (246a)                                                             265. Combustion Driving Left Piston to Impact (265)                           265a Combustion Drive for Opposing Right Piston to Impact (265a)              265b.                                                                              Ditto (265b)                                                             265c.                                                                              Ditto (265c)                                                             265d.                                                                              Ditto (265d)                                                             266. Rotating Parabola Tube Input Assembly Receiving Gas-(266)                267. Supporting Structure (267)                                               268. Finite Space Between Rotating Disc Rotor and Static Disc                      Stator (268)                                                             269. Static Leg to Foundation Anchor (269)                                    270. Rotating Parabola (270)                                                  271. Bearing Support for Rotating Tube (256)-(271)                            272. Height of Thin Disc Stated to Provide Slits .020" to .030"-(272)         273. Face of Upper Parabola Disc Stack with Curvature Shown (273)             274. Actual Collimating Slit Opening (274)                                    275. Center Line of slit opening in Concave Gas Guide (275)                   276. Entrance Tube directing gas (50) into the Parabola (276)                 277. Sketch of Parabola Profile (277)                                         278. Perforated Gas Cone Collimator (278)                                     278a.                                                                              Focus Impact Apex of Perforated Cone (278a)                              278b.                                                                              Tungsten Point at Focal Point (278b)                                     279. Slot Divisions (279)                                                     280. Cut through Gas Planar Divisions of Wave-guide-like                           Conduit (280)                                                            281. Cyclotron Gas Tube Divisions at the Manifold Valves (281)                282. Cyclotron Gas Tube Divisions at the Magnet Edge (282)                    283. Spectrum Division Valves (283)                                           284. D.C. charge between Ionization and Cyclotron (284)                       285. Gas output port for Single Division (285)                                286. Piston of SSS Cylinder Unit (286)                                        286a.                                                                              Piston of SSS Cylinder Unit Closed (286a)                                286b.                                                                              Piston of SSS Cylinder Unit Opened (286b)                                286c.                                                                              Piston of SSS Cylinder Unit Closed (286c)                                286d.                                                                              Piston of SSS Cylinder Unit Opened (286d)                                287. Cylinder Shock Compression Space (287)                                   288. Steam Temperature Control Space in Cylinder Walls (288)                  289. Heat Exchanger Bellows (289)                                             290. Ball Check to Reactor (290)                                              291. Combustion Fuel Input (291)                                              292. Compressed Air Input (292)                                               293. Spark Source (293)                                                       294. Fuel Valve Actuation Air Piston (294)                                    295. Air Control Cell in Hexagon Block (295)                                  296. Hot Exhaust port in Cylinder for Reactor Input (296)                     297. Input for Piston Return (297)                                            298. Air control lines (298)                                                  299. Cylinder Mounting and Control Block (299)                                300. Bubble Forming Holes in Piston Wall (300)                                301. Port to Peripheral Manifold (301)                                        302. Nucleate Bubble Shape (302)                                              303. Cross holes in Piston (303)                                              304. Bernoulli Taper on Piston End for Nozzle Effect (304)                    305. Exhaust input to Reactor (305)                                           306. Exhaust tubes in Reactor (306)                                           307. Input Steam Tubes in Static State Reactor (307)                          307a.                                                                              Steam Return Tubes in Static State Reactor (307a)                        308. Steam Modulating Valve (308)                                             309. Water input to Attemperation Natural Gas SSS 72 (309)                    310. Unused                                                                   311. Piston Impact Spring in Control Cell (311)                               312. Spool Valve Cylinder (312)                                               313. Spool Piston (313)                                                       314. Piston Collar (314)                                                      315. Secondary Spring (315)                                                   316. Piston Collar Pin (316)                                                  317. Larger Air Port to Control Valve & Cylinder (317)                        318. Air Port to Valve Control Cylinder (318)                                 319. Individual Piston Surface Groove (319)                                   320. Slot cut across threads of Piston Manifold Grooves (320)                 321. Piston Rod Left Hand (321)                                               321a.                                                                              Piston Rod Right Hand (321a)                                             322. Representative Porting for Peripheral Steam Holes (322)                  323. Piston Rod Release Taper (323)                                           324. Piston Rod Spring Assembly (324)                                         325. Piston Rod End Plunger (325)                                             326. Taper Seat of (331) Back Ram for Piston Rod Taper (326)                  327. Back Pressure Against Collar from Piston Rod Center Port (327)           328. Back Ram (328)                                                           329. Center Ram Spool (329)                                                   330. Ram Collar (330)                                                         331. Front Ram (331)                                                          332. Progressive Gas Pressure Relief Valve to Reactor (332)                   333. Input Gas/Steam Feedstock Valve (333)                                    334. Center Port in Piston Rod Taper End (334)                                335. Stroke Relief Valve (335)                                                336. Stroke Return Input Valve (336)                                          337. Steam Input from a Boiler (337)                                          338. Axial Port in Piston or Rotor (338)                                      339. Steam Input Drive Pocket in Rotor Impeller (339)                         340. Gas Isolation Space (340)                                                340a.                                                                              Bounce Force (340a)                                                      341. Impact Stroke End Cylinder Space                                         341a.                                                                              Cylinder Shoulder Stop                                                   342. Space between Front and Back Rams (342)                                  343. Direction of Steam Drive Clockwise (343)                                 344. Piston Drive Pressure Pulse Burst from Throttle (344)                    345. Throttle Pressure Expansion Chamber (345)                                346. Piston Rod Cross Porting to Axial Center Hole (346)                      347. Piston Return Stroke Pressure (347)                                      348. First Exhaust Port A (348)                                               349. First Exhaust Port B (349)                                               350. Spring Center Support (350)                                              351. Shock Spring (351)                                                       352. Spring Striker Plate (352)                                               353. Optical Port Quartz Window (353)                                         354. First Exhaust Port Left Hand-(354)                                       354a.                                                                              First Exhaust Port Right Hand-(354a                                      355. Second Exhaust Port Left Hand-(355)                                      355b.                                                                              Second Exhaust Port Right Hand-(355b)                                    356. Piston End Holes (356)                                                   357. Piston Center Ball (357)                                                 358  Opposing Piston Gas Input Pressure (358)                                 359  Gas Exhaust to Reactor (359)                                             360  Feedwater Reservoir (360)                                                361. Main Pressure Exhaust Relief and Input Spring Assembly (361)             362. Spring Pair Used for Both Functions (362)                                362a.                                                                              Ditto (362a)                                                             363. Unused                                                                   364. Unused                                                                   365. Ball Check for Relief (365)                                              366. Ball Check for Steam Input (366)                                         367. Neutralized Force. (367)                                                 368. Vent Port for Chamber (345) (368)                                        369. Shock Impact Orifice Restraint (369)                                     370. Steam Pressure Input Port to Pressure Chamber (370)                      371. Isolation Pressure Chamber (371)                                         372  Unused                                                                   373. High Pressure Steam Line (373)                                           374. High Pressure Steam Line (374)                                           375. Gas input to 72 SSS Compression Unit (375)                               376. Ditto input to 72a Steam SSS Compression Unit (376)                      377  Ditto input to 72b Syngas SSS Compression Unit (377)                     378. System Gas Input (378)                                                   379  Gas Heater Coil (379)                                                    379a.                                                                              Water Heater Coil (379a)                                                 380. High Pressure Steam Line from Main Expansion (380)                       380a.                                                                              High Pressure Steam Line to 72b (380a)                                   380b.                                                                              High Pressure Steam Line to R1 and R2 makeup (380b)                      381. Steam Standpipe. (381)                                                   382. Medium Pressure Steam to 72a Attemperation Circuit (382)                 383. Medium Pressure Steam to 179 Attemperation Units (383)                   384. Water Loop for Attemperation Circuit (384)                               385. Water Drain from S2                                                      386. R1 and R2 Steam Jacket Piping (386)                                      387. Natural Gas Input for Reforming at input 72 Gas SSS Unit (387)           388. Low Pressure Steam Return (388)                                          389. Check Valve (389)                                                        390. Check Valve (390)                                                        391. High Temperature Steam Makeup for Syngas Reactor Input (391)             392. High Temperature Steam Makeup for Natural Gas Reactor                         Input (392)                                                              393. Steam from 72 Temp Control (393)                                         394. Steam from 72a Temp Control (394)                                        395. Steam from 72b Temp Control (395)                                        396. Spark of Gas SSS Unit (396)                                              397. Spark of Steam SSS Compressor (397)                                      398. Spark for SynGas SSS Compressor (398)                                    399. Gas Output at SSS 72 (399)                                               400. Gas Input at Reactor R1-(400)                                            400a.                                                                              Mounting Flange on Block 299 for Reactor (400a)                          401. Gas Leaves Reactor Catalyst Top (401)                                    402. Gas Enters Condenser (402)                                               403. Top takeoff from Condenser (403)                                         404. Selected Gas Fractions from Condenser (404)                              405. Top Fractions (405)                                                      406. Middle Fractions (406)                                                   407. Bottom Fractions (407)                                                   408. Line to Reheater from Condenser Fractions (408)                          409. Pressure Water Tank (409)                                                410. Water Pump (410)                                                         411. Gas Enters Condenser (411)                                               412. Top Takeoff From Condenser (412)                                         413. Fractions From Condenser (413)                                           414. Top Fraction (414)                                                       415. Middle Fraction (415)                                                    416. Bottom Fraction (416)                                                    417. Unused                                                                   418. Line to Finish from Condenser Fractions (418)                            419. Line to Finish Processing (419)                                          420. Line to Finish Processing (420)                                          421. Line to Finish Procesing (421)                                           422. Effluent Tank (422)                                                      423. Effluent Drain (423)                                                     424. Effluent Drain (424)                                                     425. Crude Tank (425)                                                         426. Cold Source (426)                                                        427. Cold Source (427)                                                        428. L P Steam to 463 Jacket (428)                                            429. Ditto (429)                                                              430. Pulsed Heat Blast from Ram-jet (430)                                     431. Cottonized Newsprint Input (431)                                         432. Ignition Point of Paper Fuel (432)                                       433. Flame in Passage (433)                                                   434. Water Supply Tube (4354)                                                 435. Tube Bottom Reservoir (435)                                              436. Vertical Boiler Tube (436)                                               437. Impact Ball (437)                                                        437a.                                                                              Check Ball (437a)                                                        438. Flame Turn (438)                                                         439. Return Flame Trunk (439)                                                 440. Flame Travel Return (440)                                                441. Flame Travel Return (441)                                                442. Flame Overlap Ram-jet input (442)                                        443. Exit to Flue (443)                                                       444. Boiler Tube Servicing (444)                                              445. Water Check Valve (445)                                                  446. Bottom Water Feed Reservoir (446)                                        446a.                                                                              Steam in Reservoir 435 (446a)                                            447. Check Ball Seat (447)                                                    448. Check Ball Seat (448)                                                    449. Lower Tube Port Saturated Steam Vent to Reservoir (449)                  450. Lower Tube Port Saturated Steam Vent to Reservoir (450)                  451. Sealer Ball Traveling Upward (451)                                       452. Impact Ball Passes Steam Ports as it Rises (452)                         453. Upper Boiler Superheat Steam Vent to Reservoir (453)                     453a.                                                                              Upper Boiler Superheat Steam Vent to Reservoir (453a)                    454. Superheated Steam Boiler Tube Vent to Steam Reservoir (454)              455. Low Pressure Steam Output (455)                                          456. Supersteam High Pressure Steam Output (456)                              457. Saturated Steam Low Pressure Steam Tank (457)                            458. Unused                                                                   459. Super-heated Steam Tank (459)                                            460. S 2 Accumulator (460)                                                    461. Water in S2 (461)                                                        462. Steam in S2 (462)                                                        463. Steam Jacket for S 2 (463)                                               464. Compressed Steam from Accumulator (464)                                  464a.                                                                              Steam from 72a to S 2 (464a)                                             465. Modulating Valve Set (465)                                               466. Separator Tank (466)                                                     467. Flash Tank (467)                                                         468. Unused                                                                   469. Unused                                                                   470. Unused                                                                   471. Steam Blow Down (471)                                                    472. Flash Gas (472)                                                          473. Methanol Output (473)                                                    474. Unused                                                                   475. Topping Tank (475)                                                       476. Refining Tank (476)                                                      477. 72 Exhaust to R 1 (477)                                                  478. 72a Exhaust to R1/R2 Loop (478)                                          479. 72b Exhaust to R2 (479)                                                  480.                                                                          481.                                                                          482. Exhaust Loop (482)                                                       483. Unused                                                                   484. Condenser Gas to Reheater (484)                                          485. Condenser Gas to Reheater (485)                                          486. Output from Reheater (486)                                               487. Syngas Pipe (487)                                                        488. Syngas Pipe (488)                                                        489. Input to 72b (489)                                                       490. Output of 72b (490)                                                      491. Output Dotted Line (491)                                                 492. Gas Enters Reactor R 2 (492)                                             493. Unused                                                                   494. Unused                                                                   495. Main Gas Line (495)                                                      496. Gas Wash Tank (496)                                                      497. Combustion Gas Input to 72 (497)                                         498. Ditto to 72a (498)                                                       499. Ditto to 72b (499)                                                       500.                                                                          to                                                                            551. Unused                                                                   552. Laser Light source (552)                                                 553. Laser Beam (553)                                                         554. Mirror (554)                                                             555. Deflecting Laser Beam (555)                                              556. Hole in Lenses of Telephoto Lens (556)                                   557. Telephoto Laser Lens System (557)                                        558. Beam after Passing Lens (558)                                            559. Focal Point on Piston's Surface (559)                                    560. Quartz Lens (560)                                                        561. Kovar Mounted Quartz Window (561)                                        561a.                                                                              Kovar Mounted Quartz Window (561a)                                       562. Returning Light Beam from Piston Reflection (562)                        563. Unused                                                                   564. Telephoto Optical System (564)                                           565. Photocell or Light Pulse Sensor (565)                                    566. Unused                                                                   567. Kovar Mounted without Light Reflective Barrel (567)                      ______________________________________                                    

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Five Processes make up the Primary Integrated Methods of this Invention.

(The first four FIGURES and the Letter Designations are a form of Indexshowing the relationship between the Primary Processes I, II, III, IVand V, the supporting or secondary processes and the various apparatusforms that apply to these.)

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration showing the combining of twoprocesses.

One of these is the;

Process I of this invention (A) (at the left of the FIG. 1 illustration)that is designed to operate at a temperature level suited to convert lowgrade coal into constituent gases that are marketable products. Aby-product of soft-char carbon also results which in cooling produces a"water or producer's" gas used in the system as a fuel. In addition thisresidual carbon product retains a charcoal-like flammability and whenpulverized and mixed with a spectrum of alcohols as derived by use ofthe Subsonic Shock Steam Reforming means or the;

Process V (B) (at the right of the FIG. 1 illustration) which is anotherprimary process of this invention, the resulting product is athixotrophic liquid coal fluid that can be used in a power plant fuelwith its adjustable Btu level that depends on the mixing procedure. Theuse of these two processes together provides a profitable array of coalchemical gas constituents and a tank transportable liquefied coal fuelusing a cheap low grade coal and waste material. Part of the function ofthe Process V is the extraction of Chlorine's from the waste plasticthat would inhibit burning. In Process V the plastic feedstock isgenerally chopped plastic bottles and containers of all types as theyoccur in waste. To reduce shipping volume and long distance transportexpense this plastic can be pre-melted in a vacuum and cast into aningot form that can then be pallet-shipped on trucks and rail flat cars.It can be remelted, also in a vacuum and processed as a hot liquid orsimply chopped into small parts and processed in that form. A gondolacar of chopped waste plastic is shown here at (1) and coal cars areshown unloading at (2). The chopped waste plastic goes to a receiver (4)in the plastic reduction plant and the coal to a hopper (14) into thecoal reduction processor.

Process I of this invention takes pulverized coal in the extruder at (6)and through its dual function (14) provides an insulating liner on theinner wall of the coal tube as it is extruded. This feedstock tube ofextruded coal slides inside a Perforated Absorber Receiver Tube (15) asit is pushed upward in this unit that is rotating and driven by drive(12). A circulated fire is driven by Ram-jets (13) to travel in alooping Center-Fire path (137), a portion of which is entirely insidethe extruded coal tube for its entire vertical length. The return pathheats radiators (25) that heat the gas inside the Main Gas Chamber (26).The intense heat inside the tube of coal forces the chemical content outthrough the Absorber-Receiver Tube's perforations and into an airevacuated hot chamber or Main Gas Chamber (26) that is entirelyenclosed. An Extruder Nozzle delivers the feedstock into the AbsorberReceiver Tube at its top and the feedstock begins its travel upward inthe absorber Receiver Tube. To achieve this heat is delivered to thecenter of the feedstock tube with introduction in a porting arrangementin the Extruder Nozzle as the feedstock tube is being formed. This is acritical part of this invention. The Nozzle construction is such that itaffords paths internally for the movement of extruded material deliveredthrough the three admitting ports and through its structure. One pathprovides for the forming of the feedstock tube and the other two providea division of porting internally so an outer extrudate lamination offire-resistant material can cross over the feedstock tube and find itsway to become the internal protective lining for the feedstock. Inaddition to the feedstock and its liner this special nozzle has portingand path provisions to receive the heat and flame of the Ram-jet asdriven through the Center-Fire Loop, the fuel gases, compressed air andpossible oxygen when needed. Also in its upper section the outer surfaceof the feedstock is subjected to Vacuuming as it passes and a series ofports beyond that provide for Chemical Additives if they are required inthe fire reduction of the feedstock so these changes are reflected inthe gas products produced. These Nozzles have many variations as theyrelate to various processing factors involved in Processors I, II andIII, all of which are common in principle but vary in forms. At the topof the Absorber Receiver tube the residual carbon extrusion is brokeninto pieces (16) that fall down a chute (17) below to a hammer mill (18)that pulverizes it prior to combining with the hydrocarbon alcohols (19)derived from the plastic plant (A). A volume of gases are taken off thecoal reducer, these are held and circulated briefly in the Main GasChamber (26), taken off at (29) and ammonia liquor at (28). Thestack-gas (31) goes to a scrubber, is cleaned and returned to the GasChamber for combining with the original gases and final takeoff withthese at (29). The Process V plastic reduction plant (A) operates bymoving plastic from a bladder like chamber (7) presses the material intoa cylindrical form (4) to reduce air content and facilitate introductionto a vacuum chamber (3) that is in an isolated space between twopistons. Steam (219) is injected into this chamber with the plastic (3)and the two pistons (not shown here, but perpendicular to the plain ofthe illustration) are driven together violently in the shock reductionof the plastic. A like chamber is shown at (5) in a stage after theshock in which a liquid is shown as having been formed. In loading thefeedstock plastic for this operation a high pressure air is supplied at(9) and a series of steam ejector vacuum units (8) cycle to pull vacuumon the chambers (3) and (5) as needed in sequence. One such line isshown at (10). The plastic liquor is freed of chlorine by the shocktreatment that combines during the brief life H₃ O with Chlorine tocreate a salable volume of Hydrochloric Acid. The alcohols flow from theunit and after mixing with the powdered char in the ribbon/shear mill(19) and the sonic unit (21) move through (22) to loading lines (23) andtank cars (24).

FIG. 2 comprises several of the different Processes of this inventionand these are designated as C, D, E, F G and H respectively.

This is a plant schematic illustration showing a continuation ofprocessed gas (29) stack gas (31) and liquor (28) as handled fromProcessor I in the FIG. 1 as it passes or moves into the processesillustrated here.

Processor II (C) (at the left side of FIG. 2) is identical to Process Iexcept it is operated at a higher temperature and is equipped with someexotic metals and material to withstand the higher heat. In addition ithas the capability to make a rough fractioning of gases by molecularmass. Thermal diffusion is used as a means for gas division in the RawGas Receiver attached that gather these fractions because they areattracted to a lower temperature and pressure opening that occurs inpulses with each receiver opening briefly, one at a time. This creates apressure modulation in the main chamber. Rough raw gas fractions (38)are attracted and taken off the main chamber (26) in this way. Allemphasis in Process II is to extract gas to the maximum extent fromwhatever the feedstock and the liquor as well after scrubbing withfurther reduction of tars by recirculating the ammonia liquor gases intothe main gas chamber to produce additional gas for division. There areadditional internal features to facilitate this purpose described indetail in the following.

An Ammonia Liquor Plant (D) (in FIG. 2) is basically of conventionaldesign with improvement in tar extraction and piping simplification toprovide a stack gas scrubber and tar collection equipment for theProcesses I, II and III. As shown here in FIG. 2 gas (31) from eithertype plant moves through pipe (40) to pass through the scrubber tower(41) down which ammonia liquor, as derived from the process itself, isused to scrub the gas (31) so it can be returned to the Main GasChamber. As the liquor intensifies in the recirculating loop (42) thecontrol at (43) that has been set for a predetermined viscosity andCentipoise value, opens its valve to pass a specific amount of liquor tothe storage as this level is reached. (44) is the liquor product lineand (45) the tar product line. The gas product (29) of Processor I isshown moving past (C) to the Ball Cleaning that follows.

Ball Cleaning Process (E) is a cross-section view in which thin wallperforated hollow balls are the cleaning media at (47) which is aperforated funnel form that they move through from chamber (48) as thegas flows upward through the space between the ball and through theholes leaving the particulate to accumulate on the ball walls andopenings. After this passage they are moved through tanks and lines witha ball cleaning means at (49). After this cleaning the gas (29) movesbeyond to ionization as the balls pass through their own cleaningprocess at (49) and are then returned to the gas cleaning side of theoperation to repeat the operation.

Ionization Treatment (F) (in FIG. 2) is a cross-sectional view showing arenewable cathode (201) that changes the gas to an ionized state as itpasses through this equipment (50) as it moves to further divisionmeans. Fractioned gases from Processor II (38) can be optionally cooled,compressed and tanked as raw divisions (39) with use of a condensercompresser (H) (39) or the gases (29)/(50) ionized as shown at (201) andthen moved to further treatment.

Parabola/Centrifugal Collimation Division (G) (in FIG. 2)-(52). Here inthis cross-section view the focusing feature of a parabola is used tocause a deflection and bounce of gas molecules for maximum agitation asthey reverse molecular direction and apply the high speed of acentrifugal force inside the chamber that briefly holds and spins thegas cloud molecules as they are forced to churn induced by the frictionbetween the gas and the parabola face as well as other effects (52) ontheir mass as they move away from the center toward the surroundingparabola face that is divided into finite horizontal slits forcollimation division. The gas is carried off by circular collectionmeans that is also divided into horizontal divisions in a conduit pipingthat connects directly to the collimation divisions of the parabola.This presents something visually like a wave-guide in form as shown inthe Inset at (51).

(Process III apparatus is not shown here.) It is very similar to ProcessI, but has no fractioning features. It is operated at the highesttemperatures possible and features all exotic metals in itsconstruction. There is no steam injecting means for gas circulation andis entirely dependent upon heat stratification occurring in the GasChamber. Little liquor is produced, but what is generated is notreturned. Stack gas is taken to another unit for disposition. Effortshere is to maintain a high level of purity in the gas generated.

Condenser/Compressor/Tankage (H) shows the gas storage option (38a)(39).

FIG. 3 is a continuation illustration of the integrated processes ofthis invention in which the gas from Processors I and II or III isdivided by various means and reconstituted as a product using theProcesses IV and V with the input of various secondary processes. Theseare indicated as I, J, K, and L in this illustration. The gas transit isshown (50) moving into a;

Molecular Division Cyclotronic Unit (I) with a magnetic field (58) thatdivides the gas into a possible thirty-eight fractions by molecularweight as shown in inset (59). Divided gases (60) move to inputs of (74)which is a conventional Gas processing plant but augmented with the useof a Sub-sonic Shock Units (72) to produce alcohols at (75).

Processor V Sub-Sonic Compressor (K) (center of FIG. 3) is shown with asteady state Catalyst Reactor (J) closely coupled by mounting directlyon top of the Sub-Sonic Compressor (K) in which any of the gases fromthe Processors I, II and III, (60) including stack gases, natural gasand Syngas can optionally be input individually or combined in parts tothe Sub-sonic Shock Steam Reforming function of (K) as a compressor forinput to a coupled reactor (J), as shown, or optionally for better useof the catalyst and protection from catalyst poisoning the coupling ofthe Shock Steam Reformer (K) with the (L) Processor IV CirculatingCatalyst Media Reactor. An individual unit or a plurality of Shock unitscan be used here using the extrusion features of this invention to movethe catalyst through cleaning and refurbishing procedures continually asthe chemical reaction takes place and the cleaning function occurs in anadjoining unit (64). The catalyst media churning is a function of theform and shapes of the annular passage it moves through as shown in theinset (68). The derived gas product is taken from a perforated sectionat the top of the Absorber Receiver Tube (69) and can then be used as agas or liquefied with the condenser system (99). There is the similarityof the extruder system (11) to that of the Fire Reduction Means ofProcesses I, II and III. Gases for processing are injected at the nozzleafter vacuuming and a Center Fire means is used as at (137), howeverhere there are a plurality of Fire Tube return lines from the Ram-jetswhich are closely held near the outside of the rotating AbsorberReceiver Tube. There is no gas chamber, just an insulated enclosure toretain the heat of the Tube Loop returns and the Absorber Receiver Tubeand its moving catalyst content. The catalyst is move upward in theouter annular space of (68) and the Center Fire moves upward in themiddle tube for a maximum draft and also inside and around the threespool checker radiators that are set in the surrounding annular space toprovide the heat. The center tube of (68) is perforated. (This inertmedia handling and cleaning procedure is used in a like manner in aProcessor IV Cold Inert Media Mixing/Liquefying (M) (FIG. 25) procedurethat is the counterpart of Processor IV Hot Catalyst Media Processing.)

Process IV Hot Catalyst Media Processing (L) is applied with the use ofan extruder and the course of the hot catalyst is through the rotatingchannel of the Absorber Receiver Tube with internal shaping (68) tochurn the media to mix the gas or liquid content in passage through thischannel. A plurality or selection from the gases (61) are introduced atthe extruder nozzle into this traveling catalyst media heated in thereaction chamber (66) and passed off through the absorber receivertube's top perforations (69). Many of the heating features used in theFire Reduction Processes function here identically. Examples of some ofthese are the Spool Checker Radiator, the Ram-jet pulse heat drive (13)and the Center Fire circulation (137) described later. The media iscleaned in section (67) with a reduction in losses of catalystpoisoning. The gas output is reduced to a liquid at (99) the condenseris taken off through pipeline (71).

FIG. 4 is a continuation illustration of the integrated processesshowing;

The Cryogenic Mixing/Liquefying of Processor IV (M) in which the gasfeed is shown at (62) as a plurality of metered gases intended as aformula for a chemical liquid. These enter a like extruder nozzle systemto that of all the processors (11) which for this inert media is cooledby flowing liquid nitrogen or other cold liquid means through centralpiping inside the moving media mass in a manner not unlike the feedstockpassage in the retention tube of the hot processes. This is essentiallythe same form of Absorber Receiver Tube (68) as is employed with theProcess IV (L) Hot Catalyst Media Processor with the liquid derived fromthe gas taken off at top perforations (69) that combine as a chemicalformula with the churning by the shaped tube interiors (inset 68) of theresulting liquids produced from metered amounts of gas as introduced at(62). Chemical accumulates in tank (76) and is taken off for delivery atpipe (77). The media cleaning is conducted at (67) before return to theextruder drive for reinsertion into the system. These processes requiresteam at high pressure that must be provided economically using an:

Anti-nucleate Boiler Tube System (N) illustrating a type of individualvertical boiler tubes (81) that functions to admit water and expelgenerated steam based on the movement of one or a plurality of heavyballs that have a specific fit within the boiler tube so their movement"irons" out the nucleate bubble formation that inhibits proper boiling.This boiler has a unique shape to provide a fire loop that is fed with a"cottonized" hammer mill to produce newsprint fuel (17) prepared in thisbeater device (18) and injected into a bowl firebox with compressed airto augment ignition and a hot air blast drive provided by a Ram-jetEngine (13) that is natural gas fired. The tubes are heated by the flamepassage in two directions (80) and (81). A volume of water held betweensteam banks (82) and (83) form an part of the boiler enclosure andafford further heating means with a close relationship to the passingflame. The entire system is enclosed in a fire brick insulatedstructure. Gases derived from the processes are shown at (61), (71), and(38) being loaded on pressure gas tank trucks. Liquid chemicals areshown being loaded in tank trucks at (44), (45), (75), (22) and (77).

FIG. 5-(B) is a cut-away and cross-sectional view of the ore orhydrocarbon mass extrusion means of Processor I. This is a substantialstructure of some height in which the feedstock extruder apparatus islocated at the bottom (11) fed by hopper (14) to extruder input (6). Thesecondary or liner extrusion is introduced inside the first extrudedfeedstock tube form and delivered from hopper (85) to the (86) extruderunit that feeds a common extrusion nozzle. Other features explained indetail in the following comprise the Center-Fire Circuit (137) driven bya plurality of Ram-jet Engines (13) mounted at the processor top to drawoff the flame and heat that has been driven up through the center of thefeedstock extrusion tube protected on its surface by the insulatedlining. This extreme heat on the inside of the feedstock tube drive thegases and liquors out of the feedstock tube wall and through theperforated wall of a supporting Absorber Receiver Retention Tube (15).These gases and liquors are expelled as the feedstock is pushed upwardand caused to rotate by the turning of this said Absorber Receiver Tubedriven by the drive unit (12) in a change from the static extruder tothe Absorber Tubes rotation that is accommodated by the means (96). Theturning tube is surrounded by an enclosing gas chamber (26) that hasbeen evacuated in startup by steam ejection vacuum means (35) and isheated by heat radiating plates (25) mounted on the fire-tube (137)return conduit, the hot gas velocity of which causes a low vacuum as itpasses through a venturi (146) that vents the space to a condenserenclosure (99) to draw off a fuel gas generated by cooling a soft charby-product of the process as the feedstock tube top is broken away as aresidual carbon product (142) to move through a chute (16). This"producer's gas or water gas" fuel augments the natural gas, compressedair and oxygen input at (89) burning in the center inside of thefeedstock extrudate. Gases are taken out of the gas chamber at (29) andmoved to other treatment and liquors and to be collected at (98) withdirection to a well at the bottom and pumped beyond (28) to the ammonialiquor processor. This liquor is intensified, cleared of tars andcleaned to be returned to the gas chamber (26) at (27) to be regasifiedfor extraction of constituent chemical gases derived from the feedstockliquors. Stack gases are expelled at (31).

FIG. 6-(B) shows the basic extruder nozzle and feedstock/linerintroduction with vacuum and gas combining features in a single unit.The feedstock input port to the nozzle bottom is shown at (91); thedetail of streamlined piping form (90) that minimizes the flow offeedstock that passes over it is shown at the small inset. The feedstockchannel in nozzle is at (92); the liner extrusion input port is at (93);the vacuum pipe opening to feedstock passage in the nozzle at (105) andthe flame input to the extrusion tube center at (137). The encapsulatingliner materials are introduced in two port locations (93). There is across over point at (95) where the liner extrudate is delivered througha plurality of passages to move across and inside the feedstockextrusion so that it is applied as an innertube liner that serves toinsulate and protect the feedstock from actually burning in the heat ofthe center fire the liner softens and ablates in the heat.

FIG. 7-(B) illustrates the involute gear form (96) die-imparted to theoutside diameter of the extrusion as a varied friction means for thespeed conversion as the extrusion passes from a static extruder to therotating Absorber Receiver Tube heat treatment tower. (97) is a sketchof the cross-section of the die form illustrating the tooth shape, pitchdiameter and minor diameter that is a function of imparting this form tothe outside of the extruder wall in the accommodation of the speedchange in the unit.

FIG. 8-(B) is a cross-sectional illustration of the extruder nozzle unitthat forms the basis for the extrusion functions of this invention. Thematerial to be extruded is introduced at the bottom (53) as a feedstockand (54) the input of the protective liner material. The heat input isat (137) and the vacuuming ports are at (105) gas additive input optionport (106) is above that and the fuel inputs are at the bottom where theproducer's gas input is (107); natural gas input (108); compressed airinput (109) and oxygen input (110). The convolute speed function isshown at (96) between the two drive components (12) and (120). TheCenter Fire Radiator is shown at (111) and the perforation of theAbsorber Receiver Tube is shown at (15).

FIG. 9-(B) is a top view and cut-away of the ram-jet engines employedfor the Center Fire circulation loops (137) and the Ram-jets units (13)that provide the heat drive. Gas delivery is shown at (29) and stack gastake off at (31).

FIG. 10-(B) is a smaller scale view of the extruder of FIG. 5 showingthe delivery of the soft-char or by-product carbon down the chute (17)to a below ground storage level or soft char receiver pit (100) where itaccumulates in a pile (101) that is on a rotating perforated conicalsupport member (104) driven by power unit that provides for drainage ofwater accumulating from the steam application in cooling this pile toprevent ignition. A drain carries off water (103) and a heavy gas ductis driven as a large volume pressure blower (102) forcing the gas fumes(142) back to the unit top to join other producer or water-gas all ofwhich is dried in the condenser (99) before use as the water-gas fuel.The gas flow past the venturi (146) serves to assist the blower (102) inthe pit in the retrieval of the gas (142) from these several locationsso it can be accumulated at the bottom of the system for introduction tothe extruder for ignition. A large steam ejector vacuum system (32) is apart of this pit storage system to minimize air presence. The otheroperational features have been described in FIG. 5.

FIG. 11-(B) (122) is a cross-section view of the extruder nozzle likethat of FIG. 8 shown here in comparison to other extruder forms (123)and (124). The (122) form has dual drive (12) and (120) with the speedchange accommodation unit at (96). This provides for the required speedchange to that of the Absorber Receiver Retention Tube (15) that carriesthe extrudate mass upward as the Center-Fire (137) is driven through itsbore. The feedstock is vacuumed of air at (105) and gases can be addedit required at (106). A steam ejector FIG. 14-(35) provides a 500 micronvacuum for air and moisture removal as the feedstock passes the angledlouvers (105a) which angle favors the direction of the extrusion flow sothe surface of the extrusion passes smoothly under the trailing edges ofthese without plowing or digging up the surface. In this way the porousbody of the feedstock can be vacuumed of some air and moisture content.A seal assembly used with the drive systems (12) and (120) provides forthe introduction of compressed CO₂ (12a) with an added oil mist thatserves to cool the support bearings and provides lubrication. (89) isthe ignition point in the extruder.

FIG. 12-(B)-(C) (123) is a single drive (12) extruder form in whichseals on various ports are of rotary mechanical form (121) that arestationary as the nozzle body is turned on a vertical axis by drive(12). The nozzle has a plurality of internal ports that intermittentlyserve the single port as the nozzle turns. The ports in each seal arehard fastened and stationary with the piping of the system. In this waythe rotating nozzle section can be fixed fastened to the AbsorberReceiver Tube (15). Center-Fire input (137) and the Vacuum Ports (105)are in pairs opposite one another in the rotating seal assembly todeliver maximum volumes. A plurality of ports are in the nozzle body sothat passage of these serves the input or output ports intermittently.

FIG. 13-(B) is an extruder nozzle from (124) that is a more elaborateform of the two-speed drive of FIG. 11 illustrating that a plurality ofgas inputs (106) can be employed to inject chemical gas or liquids intothe extrusion itself as it is driven through the nozzle. The Center FireInput is at (137).

FIG. 14-(B)-(C) is an enlarged view of the multiple extruder of FIG. 11mounted with the dual drive (12) and (120), the involute gear speedadaptive apparatus (96), vacuum equipment (35-(36) oxygen input (110),flame circuit (137) and gas return input to the Main Gas Chamber at (27)from the Ammonia Liquor Processor. The two liner extruders are at (86).The reason for two is that this liner must ablate and have a propermelting temperature so the blend of silica and clay is critical toaccomplishing the mix characteristics required in this type of heatenvironment. The Feedstock Extruder at (11) brings these input elementstogether generally in the area (89). Water from the cooling steam of theproducer's gas is taken from the condenser and returned to the top ofthe system with pump (125). The producers gas (142) is added to theCenter Fire system (137) at the venturi (146). Liquor and tarsaccumulate in downcomer and takeoff to the Ammonia Liquor Process at(28). This illustration shows the use of Extruder Form (124).

FIG. 15-(B) Processor I Fire Reduction Unit shows a cross-sectional viewof the fire circulation driven by a plurality of Ram-jet engines (13),with spark plug ignition means at (149), the Center Fire circuit of thesystem (137), the Center-Fired oxygen fed spool checker Radiator (111),extrudate column (53) combined with the liner (54) as retained in theperforated Absorber Receiver Tube (15), the steam-cooled soft char(144), producer's gas output (142), moving to condensers (99) for waterrecovery from the producer's gas cooling steam water with reintroductionat the system top as driven by water pump (125) taken from accumulationtank (119). This slowly rotating single drive unit (12) does not requiremeans conforming the extrusion speed with that of the static state ofthe extruder because of the slow rotation of the Absorber Receiver Tube(15). Three or more Ram-jets engines (13) are used in combination withignition of each fired from a common commutator control so they pulse insynchronization to combine their exhaust bursts as one in the middle atthe extruder (89) where they all join one vertical fire column pushing avolume of heat and flame upward through the Extruder Nozzle at the baseof the unit. This is the common Center Fire (137) reduction system thatis applied in Processes I, II and III. The feedstock tube as extruded isformed to fit closely inside a perforated Absorber Receiver Tube (15)that supports the extrusion as it is pushed upward, while the CenterFire is driven with high velocity through the feedstock tube bore thatserves in this portion of the Center Fire loop as the conduit for thisfire and heat. The radiator (111) becomes incandescent in this trappedheat condition and the feedstock heat exposure causes it to outgasthrough the wall perforations in the enclosing Absorber Receiver Tube(15) so these products can flow down the outside of this holedsupporting member that is delivering a dry brittle red-hot char (144) atthe top end of the extrusion. This rising hot tube end is broken awayhere as it is pushed against an internal tapered form (94) and the charcarbon accumulates in three declining trays (16), each inside a sealedtop chamber where the char (144) is sprayed with water (141) to providecooling and at once produce the water-gas (142) or water or producer'sgas that is passed through condensers (99) in the system to recoverwater for reuse at the top where it is pumped by pump (125). The steamcreates a low pressure condition in the tray area that rises and fallsas a rotary trap device (143) scoops char out of the tray content anddelivers it into the first chamber (16) that is closed at the top end bythe rotary trap (143) and a spring loaded flapper valve (127) that isopened by the weight of falling soft-char that goes down the chute tostorage as at FIG. 10 (100) or the hammer mill of FIG. 1 (18). Steampressures accumulate in condenser (99) water released drops through abottom trap and dry gases go off at (145). The gas which is asatisfactory fuel for the process is delivered into the Center-Firestream by the draw of a venturi at (146). Stack gases go off the top at(31) to the over damper (88) to scrubber. The coal chemical constituentgases as generated by the process are removed from the Main Chamber (26)in duct (29) and moved to further treatment as the liquors and tars moveoff from a downcomer at (28) to the adjoining Ammonia Liquor Processor.Gas content in Gas Chamber (26) is partly provided by radiator plates(25) mounted on the return tubes of the Center Fire.

FIG. 16-(C) Processor II Fire Reduction Unit. This is a cross-sectionalillustration of a structure that is almost identical to Processor I asshown in FIG. 15 except for the addition of the features that involverough fractioning of gases (38) taken off in draft pulses to a pluralityof cooler, lower pressure Raw Gas Receivers (152) set at differentlevels in the wall of the main gas chamber (26). Also steam isintroduced as jets to reduce the temperature of the inner perforatedsurface of the Absorber Receiver Retention Tube (15) as at FIG.17-(155)/(156). Here the rising and falling gas pressure in an enclosureat the top of the unit (16) is used to venturi/vacuum additional gasfrom the steaming char at different conveying points. Recovered waterfrom this gas/steam is reintroduced to the char cooling function againwith a pump (125). It also delivers water to a high pressure fine streamnozzle inside the Main Gas Chamber that results in a steam jet thatdraws a portion of the hot gas (142) that is also fed into this streamfrom the top source of this gas. This jet is directed upward andangularly so it creates a gas spiral around the absorber receiver tubecolumn. Other steam introduction is done with hanger-injectors as shownin FIG. 19 (154). In all of these processes the emphasis is to intensifythe liquors and reinject these so added gas can be created. Extensiontubes (147) reach into the chamber to avoid the flow of liquor and tarrunning down the wall of the Main Gas Chamber (15a). Pulsing valves(139) open one at a time to create a regular pressure pulse in the mainGas Chamber. This unit operates at a low to moderate temperature and atslow speeds so it makes use of a rotating nozzle with mechanical sealsat the extruder that is fixed and attached directly to the AbsorberReceiver Tube so the extrusion does not need a provision to accommodatea speed difference as is the case in the high speed Processor III thathas a static extruder and nozzle. The Center Fire feed and the vacuumfunction are hard piped to the seal assembly that is a massive staticbody within which the nozzle rotates like the nozzle illustration ofFIG. 12 (123). A 500 micron vacuum for air and moisture removal isprovided by a steam ejector vacuum unit like that shown in FIG. 10-(35)and as the feedstock passes the trailing slat-type louvers set in theports to prevent pickup of the feedstock particulate in passage. All ofthe bearing assemblies used with this bearing/seal arrangement permitsthe introduction of compressed CO₂ with an added oil mist that serves tocool the support bearings and provide lubrication. Compressed air isprovided by ancillary requirement for the process and is used in manylocations, not the least of which is in the Center-Fire drive at thenozzle. To overcome the pressures of the fire-tube delivery it isnecessary that each of the gas systems be pressurized for feed to thenozzle. The Ram-jet engines use water-gas or natural gas as a fuel whichis intermittently ignited by spark plugs (149). The pulsing valves (133)(134) control the Ram-jet Engines in synchronization with the ignitionpulses. A jet pulse valve is shown closed at (133). Gas is injected withan air mix and as ignition occurs as the valve opens as at (134) to passthis burst of flame and heat to the center-fire circuit (137) and thencloses instantly so new fuel can be introduced. These pulses have a rateof 100 to 500 per minute. There is substantial thrust produced and withthe unit mounted to slide on linear bearings parallel to the thrust andbetween opposed piston cylinders of a pumping arrangement the shockrecoil delivers pressure to an accumulator to provide the energy todrive ancillary apparatus. The design and assembly of Processors I, IIand III is essentially identical except for differences in alloys,insulation, seals and the like that are affected by temperatures.Different forms of drive for the extruders and nozzles are adaptable tothe same basic configuration, again with different metals and materialto accommodate higher temperatures and pressures. Various forms ofapparatus are added as internal modules used inside the Main Gas Chamberof Processors I and II to provide additional functions depending uponthe selection of feedstocks. The intent of the design is to serveEncapsulated Fire Reduction of any ore, or waste product for recovery ofconstituent chemicals including the firing for soils that have beencontaminated with chemicals so they can be cleaned and returned to acondemned site. The extruder nozzles as described all perform the samebasic functions, some providing a minimum drive pressure and others amaximum force in moving the extradate through the systems. At the unitbottom the feedstock (53) is introduced from the screw drive of theextruder FIG. 1-(11) and the feedstock protective lining at (54) fromside extruders. Fire, gases and vacuum piping is streamlined to permitpassage of the extrusion over these as the extrudate moves through thenozzle and then is reformed after moving beyond these pipes. The nozzleis provided with size reductions to accomplish this passage. Thedestination of these high temperature hot gases and actual flame (153)as driven downward on the return path by the Ram-jet engine (13) is theplurality of streamline piping entrances to the extruder nozzle's middlewhere the single Center Fire riser begins. There the water or producer'sgas now mixes with compressed air, oxygen and natural gas to provide thefuel blend for the entire system. A water reservoir (140) and a naturalgas tank is shown at (148). Just beyond the meeting point of (142)+(137)an intense flame is generated at (153) that moves upward into and aroundthe center-hung Radiator (111). This Radiator is also fed with oxygen(130) at its center and at different levels to enhance the heating ofits ceramic spool-checker holed wall that is suspended in closeproximity to the inside wall of the feedstock extrusion tube (53)hanging on the oxygen supply pipe (131) fastened to the inside of theexhaust stack above.

FIG. 17-(C) Modular Accessories for Processors I and II. Several ofthese are used with the processor together or individually to facilitatethe use of different feedstock. These accessory devices are not used inthe III Processor where all emphasis is placed on total purity of thegas extracted and minimization of water input. In the other processorsthese high pressure steam injection means create jet streams for gasdirection in the Main Gas Chamber and scrubbing the perforated surfaceof the Absorber Receiver Tube. Valving means in the rotor/scoop device(143) functions to close off the major gas generation source when wateris applied to the hot soft char. Hanging in this space where the brokenfeedstock tube is cast off at the top of the process are a plurality ofvertical water pipes (141) with jet nozzles arranged to spray thiscarbon residue (144) or soft-char to cool it as it moves in chamber(16). As described earlier this creates the water gas carried off at(138) that is partially used for fuel in the process. This gas is drawndown to lower treatment by the velocity pressure of the steam expansionin the top chamber that moves out of vent (138) to be delivered across aventuri device at (146). Some of this gas is delivered in pipe (142a) tobe captured here and directed into the chamber with steam jet created bynozzle (155) with input from water pump (125). This causes a gas current(156) around the Absorber Receiver Tube (15) containing the extrusionsinside of which the Center Fire is moving. Some ammonia liquor from theadjoining processing plant pumped through pipe (27) into the Main GasChamber at (26). A plurality of spray heads make a liquor mistapplication at the top of the system (151) where if flashes into gas.

FIG. 18-(C) illustrates a section of the interior form of the Main GasChamber (26) in which the Center-Fire return line (137) is shown withattached radiator plates (25) that are heated by this connection. Thehot plates surfaces heat the gas moving over them. They are angled inthis way so the gas will move in an upward direction and toward theoutside of the Chamber. This tends to draw gas away from the rotatingAbsorber Receiver Tube at the center. The tube carrying these angularplates exits the chamber and enters a venturi (146) which provides a lowvacuum to draw down water-gas (142) and gas from the downcome (28). Thegas in condenser (99) courses through a perforated tube at the center ofthe condenser. This tube is enclosed in cold fins over which the gasdriven condenses the moisture content to remove the water of the charsteam cooling. (This is an optional gas handling apparatus to that ofFIG. 17). The water drops from the bottom of the condenser to a tank(119) and is pumped (125) to return the water to the top reservoir ofFIG. 16 (140). Here there is no water/gas injection as in FIG. 17.

FIG. 19-(C) is a schematic illustration of the gas delivery apparatusconsisting of Raw Gas Receiver (152) mounted on the side of the GasChamber enclosure (26). The Center-Fire tube (137) is shown deliveringfire and heat into the extrusion (53) (54) with the addition ofwater-gas at (142). Natural gas mixed with compressed air combines withthese at (153). Spaced openings to expel oxygen in the oxygen pipehanger (131) that holds the spool checker brick Radiator (111) assuspended inside the extrusion tube from above. This delivers modulatedpulses of oxygen to create new flame bursts at each point where thisinfusion is delivered from these ports. The spool checker Radiator (111)hangs very close to the passing extrusion's internal wall as it is beingforced to slide upward in the rotating Absorber Receiver Tube (15). Thesteam jet (156) delivered from nozzle (155) causes the gases in the GasChamber (26) to spiral around the Absorber Receiver and gases areexpelled through its perforations as are ammonia liquors (158) and tars(157). Steam jet (154) scrubs the perforated surface of the AbsorberReceiver Tube. The entire Absorber Receiver assembly is rotated atmoderate or high speeds by the drive (12). Fractioned gases (38) aretaken off at different height levels of the Gas Chamber through the RawGas Receivers ports (152) the valves of which are opened one at a timeto provide a pulse pressure chamber within the main chamber as the gasbursts are released. The rotating gas current (156) sweeps past theextensions (147) attached to the ports of these Raw Gas Receivers. Theyreach into the chamber beyond the inner wall surface to avoid liquid andtars running down these walls. At the end of the collection extensions acup-like shaped part (150) provides an eddy dwell in the gas as itpasses over the port and around this extension and cup. When the pulsingvalve (139) is opened this dwell aids in taking off a burst of gasefficiently. The liquors and tars stream down the absorber tube walls(158) (159) and accumulate at (157) draining finally to reservoirs anddowncomer lines (28) for pipe delivery to the Ammonia Liquor Processor.The recoil of the Ram-jet engines cause reciprocating action (135) in anassembly in which pistons (136) provide pumping pressure to anaccumulator for ancillary power input.

FIG. 20-(C) is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the "cup-like" end ofthe extension tube (147) device that serves to aid in capturing a gaspulse as it flows over the convex side of this apparatus in the creationof a dwell or pause in the gas flow at the lower pressure opening at thecup's center. This view of the cup shape (150) is shown looking downfrom the top of the chamber (26). The port extension is (147) and thegas (38). The arrow path (156a) represents movement of the gas as iteddy-spins above the Raw Gas Receiver port before being exhausted in adraft pulse delivering it to this lower pressure, cooler Raw GasReceiver (152).

FIG. 21-(L) is a cross-sectional view of an extruder assembly ProcessorIV in a like generic extruder form of (B), but here the extruderfunctions to move a catalyst media in a minimum force mode instead ofthe high pressure applied to a feedstock. However both of these directthe extrudate in a path enclosing a Center-Fire heat source. In thisfiring procedure the Ram-jets (13) are at the top and the fire return isshown here (137a) as moving in tubes placed as close as possible to therotating Absorber Receiver Tube (15)/(68) carrying the catalyst. Thereason for this is that there is no Main Gas Chamber in this form. Thespace usually used for a gas chamber is used here for a plurality ofcondensers (99) and the Center Fire return tubes. At the extruder nozzleone or a plurality of gases (61) are introduced to flow upward throughthis catalyst media in a reaction function that can be endothermic orexothermic depending upon the prior compression of the gases involved,the temperatures and pressures, etc. The function of the Hot Process IVis to provide a transport of a catalyst media through a channel in whichgas is injected for reaction in the presence of the catalyst. The objectis to provide means to circulate a catalyst bead or other formcontinuously in this system so that it can be taken from the hot portionof the process and subjected to cleaning and chemical restoration beforereturning to its normal hot functions. This would be done continuouslyso a renewed catalyst was always being introduced to the new gas as itis injected. The catalyst bead is shown at (112) entering the extruderthat serves to push rather than exert great pressure. The Center Firecommon to these systems is shown entering the extruder nozzle at (137).A vacuum is pulled on the beads as they pass at (105) and oxygen isintroduced into the nozzle Center Fire at (110) feeding pipe risers toreach the array of spool-checker brick Radiators (111) as seen in FIG.23. A pair of drives are illustrated here. At (12) the single slow speeddrive of the extruder unit is shown and it can use the nozzle with theseals and a rotating center part as in FIG. 12 adapted to have the gasinput features, or it can be the more elaborate form of fully rotatingNozzle like that of FIG. 13. Here the coupling of the Extruder NozzleDrive (12) to the second Absorber Receiver Drive (120) is accomplishedwith a planetary gear arrangement because the function is not to providea speed adjustment as in the case of the feedstock extruder, but rathersimply a means to maintain a constant ratio speed relationship betweenthe two. The Absorber Receiver Tube (15) Drive (120) is adjustable inspeed and synchronized with (12) with constant speed using the gearing(96). The steam heating system (170) is detailed in the Reactor systemdrawing in FIG. 66. The Center Fire return is shown at (137a) with itsclose placement of piping beside the rotating Absorber Receiver Tube(15) in the center of a plurality of these conduits from the Ram-jetheat drive (13) above. The product chemical gas of the process is takenoff at the top of the Absorber Receiver Tube (15) at the perforationslevel (69). A pressure condition exists in the top gas collectionchamber (168) and control valves (70) to vent this gas along line (78)to the condenser (99) at (169). It is cooled and liquefies here to dropout as the product of the system at (70). After the product is expelledat the perforation level the churning of the gas has ended and thecatalyst is moved out of the Absorber Receiver Tube (15) top into theclosed gas chamber (168) where it is taken down for rework with thescrew drive (160) and a rotary trap that keep air out of the system soit can be delivered to the washing system (161) as fed by the liquidmanifold (162) with its spray heads. The auger system (163) draws thecatalyst up where it can be dried in a baffled chamber (67) with a gasblast delivered from compressor and tank (171). The restored catalystdrops to the extruder level from the hopper (165) to pass through heavymetal vacuum trap (166) and along path (167) to reenter the extrudernozzle at the bottom of the system. Liquor used for the washing of thecatalyst drop out at (164) and is recovered and recirculated by a pump(165a) to the spray heads of manifold (162). Vacuums are maintainedthroughout the system at different places. The condenser (99) has avacuum unit at (33). The extruder is serviced with two at (35) and (36).The top of the product tank is maintained air-free by unit (34). At(113) is a flash steam coil for stack gas heat recovery for use in thesteam system of the Reactor Heater. The secondary power source fromrecoil of the Ram-jet is shown at (136).

FIG. 22-L (68) is a three dimensional cut-away view of the centerportions of the Absorber Receiver Tube. The perforated portion is shownat (69) and the tube assembly as a whole is referenced as (15). Theannular space between the inner wall of (15) and the static perforatedcenter tube (114) is the space in which the catalyst media and gascontent is pushed upward. This is described in more detail in FIG.26-(68). The shapes on these tube walls serve to rotate and raise thecatalyst media in a screw type action while creating a churning force.Like all the receiver tube forms of this invention in various processesthe Absorber Receiver Tube (15) here has perforations to permit theout-flow of product--in this case arranged at the top of the tube so amaximum period of exposure to the catalyst and the mixing functionsoccur prior to escape of the reformed gas carried up in the body of thechurning catalyst. The center tube FIG. 22-(114) in this assembly isperforated with large opening. It functions as a through draft flamepath FIG. 23-(31) for the Center Fire Heat and Flame that move throughthis conduit. The outer tube of this illustration (68) is the lowerportion of the Absorber Receiver Tube (15) that is turning as the twoinner tubes stand still.

FIG. 23-(L) is a plain cross-sectional view of the heat transferradiators (111) which in this case are used in a group of three or more.These are disposed in the annular space between the center tube (114)and the inside wall of the second convoluted tube FIG. 22-(68). Thecatalyst media feed is inside the Absorber Receiver Tube (15) directlyagainst its inner wall with the half-sphere shapes. The convoluted tubewall is directly against the catalyst media on its opposite side. Thecenter tube (114) vents to the stack (31). Oxygen is fed to theRadiators (111) from the source FIG. 21-(110) and up the pipes in thecenter of the Center Fire conduit, all of which is radiating heatoutwardly to the catalyst media. Outside the catalyst media held in theAbsorber Receiver Tube (15) is the bank of vertical steam lines andbeyond these the Fire Tube return lines. All are enclosed in aninsulated column so the heat within the catalyst space is intense whichpermits relative fast movement of the media and its gas content in theannular space (112) between the convoluted wall tube and center tube(114) in a manner similar to that of the Processes I, II and III.

FIG. 24-(L) is a cross-sectional enlarged view of the trap (166) at thetop of a high molecular weight fluid through which the media passes so avacuum can be maintained in the system.

FIG. 25-(M) is an illustration of the servicing features of Process IVrespecting the application of cold temperatures to a media with gascontent as opposed to the heat application to a catalyst media as inFIG. 21. An inert media is introduced from the nozzle structure at thebottom of a tower. Unlike the center-fire that is carried in thefeedstock extrusion tube of the hot system, a center tube member (176)of this cold operation functions to carry the cooling gas or liquid thatmoves in contact with a metal tube wall against which the media (115) ismoving. This cold contact extends to a point just below top perforationsof the Top Perforated Absorber Receiver Tube (69) where gases that haveliquified can overflow. The upward cold flow ends here under a cap onthe outer tube and the cooling fluid overflows the center tube (176) topedge and returns in the annular space (177) between the center tubeouter wall and the inner wall of the enclosing tube. This provides thereturn conduit for the cold fluid flow exit at (173). Gases (60)(61)have been introduced at the nozzle at high temperatures. This hasoccurred just after the space between media elements has been evacuated(35) (36). The gases are in effect "leaked" into the voids or theinterstices of the media which is under this partial vacuum. After theyare introduced to the media there is a mixing action in the transitionfrom the static nozzle to the top of the rotating absorber tube which inthis case is rotating slowly. The way this is accomplished is describedin FIG. 26. The newly-formed mixed liquid, growing out of theliquefication effect of cold exposure, now passes out of theperforations as (69) and captured in a stationary tray (132). The spaceoutside the perforations is a vacuum in a chamber evacuated by steaminjectors (33) and the liquids extracted are briefly retained withinthis space in an outgassing function in the tray (132) and then aresiphoned from the tray into a heated coil (379) that brings the chemicalto a desired temperature for handling. The liquid flows from the bottomto an outside storage vessel for delivery (77). The media, (115) thathas carried the gas in its conversion to a liquid now reaches the opentop of the absorber receiver tube and flows out over the top into alarge hopper area with a perforated bottom (116) and residual liquidleaks out of these perforations drop to the fluid tray (132). Anauger-like flight-screw (56) draws the wet media (115) down to a rotarytrap that limits vacuum loss and the media progresses at sliding down achute within a vented space from which fumes are drawn off by exhaustblowers. This vapor passes to a condenser (not shown) and the liquid isadded to storage. The media falls down a series of inclines (117) wherea plurality of solvent sprays from fluid manifold (162) washes it inpassage and assists its movement. This manifold is supplied by pump(162a). The media and wash mass falls into a hopper containing a secondflight-screw (118) that draws and wrings the wet media as it is moved upinto the drying chamber (67) where a high pressure hot gas blast (171)blows the material upward in a drying phase. The vent (56) is guarded bya shield (57) so the dry media is forced to fall back to a hopper andout the bottom (165). A trap (166) containing mercury or an equalcharacteristic fluid is to maintain a flow of material while holding thelow vacuum conditions in the circuit above. The media (115) returns tothe nozzle via path (167). The hot air comes from a compressor/heatertank and air blast nozzle system (171). The wash fluid (164) asrecovered is filtered and returned to the manifold (162) by the pump(162a). The product tank is evacuated by ejector steam vacuum system(34).

FIG. 26-(M) is an enlarged cut-away view of the internal tube structurein a generic form like that of FIG. 21-(68)/(15) that serves to churnthe media content as it rises. This shows what follows in this procedurethat provides a rolling or churning of the media as it is pushed upwardbetween the turning Top Perforated Absorber Receiver Tube (69) and thestationary center tube (174). The inner surface of tube (175) and alongits whole length, until it reaches the perforations at the unit top, hasconvex half-ball like features (175) in a size 3/16" to 1/2" diameter onits entire inner surface. These half-sphere shapes match in size thegrooves of longitudinal corrugation (174) in the stationary tube (177)that carries the coolant inflow in the annular space between it and thecenter tube (176). The half-ball surfaces (175) are spaced clear of thecorrugation surfaces (174). The media, the elements of which can beballs or another shape is forced to move upward by this screw-likepattern of sphere shapes. The convex ball alignment and their surfacesin are in a helical pattern and the screw-like rotation is turned in adirection to force the upward-traveling media downward in opposition tothe extruded direction. This accomplished a rolling action and a mildshear condition when the center tube land highs pass the half-ball tops,and the opposing forces of the helical screw and the extruder pressurecause one complete rotation of the media mass in the space of onehelical diameter turn. This then is a gentle mixer and the materialcaptured within this mass is churning and cooling until it becomes aliquid and reaches the perforations at (69a) to overflow.

FIG. 27-(M) is an enlarged view of the vacuum trap described in FIG. 24.

FIG. 28-(E) is a cross-sectional illustration of a gas cleaning systemthat performs without liquids. It is based on the use of a ball media asshown in FIG. 32. Forms of these sphere shapes are shown in FIG. 32.These are hollow with a thin wall and holed to a specific size inrespect to diameter so the flattening effect of holes can be avoided asshown occurring in all but the FIG. 32-(190) configuration which is thepreferred form used in this apparatus. The apparatus itself as shown inFIG. 28 as it admits gas (29) and moves downward through pipe (46) tothe bottom where it passes up through the perforated sides (180) of afunnel-like shape (47) that holds the balls that are slowly settlingfrom above. These balls are drawn out at the bottom of the funnel andforced upward through pipe (194) by screw unit (181) to enter the ballcleaning unit at FIG. 29 (184). When returned from the cleaning functionthe balls move along pipe (182) into the top of chamber (48) FIG. 28.The gas (29) as it moves upward through this array of hollow, holedballs (47) slows and the particulate from the gas is attracted to theball surfaces, holes and the ball interior by accumulated static chargeson these surfaces. The clean balls are being introduced at the top wherethe clean gas (29) exits for final treatment.

FIG. 29-(E) The balls enter cleaning apparatus (183) at (184) and droppast the manifold and past the "gas" knives as shown in the enlargedperspective drawing FIG. 31 (49) where the tube carrying them opens upand they are held as they spin against the rails supporting them for aconsiderable distance opposite the knives and vibrating trays FIG. 30(195) and FIG. 29 (195a). Vibrators (196) and (197) provide this energy.The balls are blasted free of the particulate that now accumulates in abottom funnel in the center of which there is a small extruder screw(198) that drives and compresses this very hot powder to recover thetrapped gases and CO₂ in a small extrusion form (199). The extrudedcylinders (199) drop into water for cooling and further gas is releasedto be carried off for storage. Gases (229) captured at the base of theunit are taken off the unit compressed and returned to the system viathe stack gas collection line (230) just ahead of the scrubber not shownhere. Finally all of this gas is returned to the bottom of the Main GasChamber for a return to the process. If dangerous internal leakage isdetected, steam purging is done.

FIG. 30-(E) Tray disks like the sketch (195) are mounted loosely in aclose spacing of less than 1/4 inch on a center rod support that iscontrol-vibrated (196) FIG. 29. These slow the gas carrying theparticulate so it can settle and drift to the bottom of the unit.

FIG. 31-(E) is an enlarged three dimensional view of this ball cleaningoperation comprising a type of "air-knife" blasting of individualsurfaces as the balls pass shaped edge slits (188) through whichpressurized CO₂ delivered from manifold (187) is driven against theballs (190). In this passage they are held against a pair of rails (191)in a chamber (185) and the accumulated carbon particulate streams pastthese as it is driven off through a gate slot (189). Slit pressure ismaintained uniformly using manifolds (187) and (186).

FIG. 32-(E) illustrates the various hole patterns for a ball form (190)that might be usable in the cleaning apparatus of this invention. Asnoted, flattening (193) occurs when the ratio of hole size to balldiameter is too large therefore the ball and hole pattern of (192) isthat selected as the preferred form of this invention.

FIG. 33-(F) a view of a renewable cathode apparatus gas ionization unit(200) as seen from the point of view of a passing gas flow FIG.32-(29)-(50) that shows the winding of a zirconium plated aluminum wireon a conical form (202) wire take-up (201) and cone spool end cap (203).

FIG. 34-(F) is a chamber (209) that is evacuated and pressurized withCO₂ (208) and exhausted at (208a) in a pressure-controlled gascirculation procedure. This CO₂ wash prevents possible gas contaminationof the working parts in this unit which comprise a motor unit andgearing to drive a wire with a capstan (204) taking wire from anunwinding reel at a very slow speed (1/50 to 1 rpm) so a renewable wirecathode is provided to interface the gas stream of the system. Thiscomprises a small gauge metal zirconium plated wire that is drawn from areel and rewound on another reel inside this unit. The wire (201) ispulled through a tightly wound spring (206) of some length that providesfriction control and also a limited leak seal because of its form. Theexhaust vent for (208a) for CO₂ leaving the chamber is shown but not thecompressor. The bearings are CO₂ gas cooled with gas input axially inshaft as (210). The drive is a torque driven capstan (204) and idlerpulleys are shown at (205). An octal-type vacuum oil mist is driven intothe unit with the CO₂ lubricating all these functions.

FIG. 35-(F) is a magnified view of the wire seal device that is tightlywound spring (207) form that provides a tortuous leak path for thepressurized carbon dioxide as the wire (201) is drawn through thesecoils.

FIG. 36-(D) a schematic view with partial cut-away sections toillustrate the application of particular tar separation and specificgravity sensing apparatus that determines the release of ammonia liquorat a desirable viscosity or density suitable for return to thegasification chamber after its use as a scrubbing liquor for stack gasfrom the system. The liquor from the Process I, II or III enters thissystem at (28) and moves to the first stage tar separator (215) whichhas a steam input at (213) for the heating of tar trap baffles (224)that the tar runs down to be dropped by the tar discharge valve (217)through line (218) to tank (45d). The partially tar cleared liquorpasses a check valve blocking return to the tar separator (216) so itmoves into the ammonia liquor intensifying loop (222) liquor pump (227).Liquor from this loop goes to the top of the scrubber tower (212) to aspray head in scrubber (214). The stack gas (31) has entered thescrubber (212) at the bottom and rises over baffles that slow the flowof the falling liquor. The scrubbed gas exits the scrubber at (27) toreturn to the Main Gas Chamber of the Processors I, II or III for reworkand gas conversion. The high pressure steam input (219) provides theheat for this process and the steam return is (220). A tar pump (221) isdriven by a steam pump (211). The ammonia liquor passes around the loop(222) and as tar and solids are removed it changes in specific gravityvalue that is sensed by the ammonia liquor viscosity sensor (225) thatactuates a transfer valve to discharge liquor from the loop at (223).The ammonia liquor discharge accumulates in storage tank (44) and thetar in tank (45e). Fumes from the ammonia liquor at (229) andaccumulated from vents (228) go into gas fume trunk (230) with fumetransfer to scrubber with the stack gas at (232). An emergency pressurevent is at (231). Tars accumulate in tanks at (45a) and (45b) in theloop system (222). At the bottom of the system there is the final tardeposit tank (45c) which supplies the liquor drawn off the top for thescrubber function at (214). The tank (45d) is final and here takeoffgoes to the tar pump (221) operated by steam pump (211). This tar ispumped to the storage tank at (45e) which is heated with the returnsteam line.

FIG. 37-(D) illustrates the form of the valving apparatus associatedwith the specific gravity liquid control. This is in the terminationpoint for the liquor loop (222) that is continually passing the densitysensor at (225) which when triggered operates the valve actuator (226)and mechanical system (223) to open the valve for a predetermined periodto discharge the liquor at (44).

FIG. 38-(D) is a cross-sectional view of the tar separation apparatus ofthis system in which the liquor enters at (28) and passes the liquorloop (222) to run through the tar separator (215) and its baffles at(224) heated by the steam (213) which causes the tar to flow down theseto point (45) and the discharge valve (217). The liquor runs over thetop of the viscose tar in the bottom of this separator at (45) and goesout the check valve (216) to the loop (222).

FIG. 39-(A) is a schematic illustration of an entire plant facilityproviding means to process waste plastic to recover the hydrocarboncontent and hydrochloric acid residual. The process is based on ProcessV application of Sub-Sonic Shock to a mass of plastic chips togetherwith high temperature steam in a steam reforming function. The vesselcharged with the plastic waste is evacuated and steam reformingfunction. The vessel charged with the plastic waste is evacuated andsteam is added at high temperature and pressure. Immediately the spacein which the feedstock is placed is reduced to a small fraction of itsoriginal volume by two opposing pistons that are driven together againstthe feedstock at a high speed. The shock effect is described elsewherein the description of Process V.

In this illustration the feedstock is shown as charged through an opencover (239) into a collapsible vessel at (238). The cover is controlledby an automatic four-way air valve from an air supply (9c). A secondcover is shown closed at (240) which is done compressed air from source(9b) and the air cylinder above it. An air bladder (242) is used tocompress the plastic feedstock into a confined vertical cylindricalenclosure by inflating this bladder from air source (9) as air isevacuated from the plastic mass by vacuum equipment (32a). At (242) thebladder shown fully inflated and the half cylinder (243) has closedagainst its mating half to compress the feedstock. As this occurs ahydraulic motor (244) supplied form source (9d) begins to turn along-thread screw member (245) that turns inside the threaded bore of aMoyno rotor (246) form that rotates through a lubricated female Moynorubber die that holds a vacuum condition in the chamber (3) previouslypulled by the prime vacuum unit (32) through line (10) and valve (236).The Moyno rotor shaft constitutes a ram device that pushes thecompressed plastic from the two-part tube through an open ball valve(247) that loads the shock cylinder space (3). The valve (247) is thenclosed. (Its counter-part on chamber (5) is shown in an open position.)The prime vacuum pump valve (236) is again opened and the vacuum isboost-assisted by a secondary adjacent vacuum pump at (32c). Two Valves(258) connecting (32c) accomplish this evacuation quickly. Two similarvalves (259) connect with vacuum pump (32d). The vacuum valves tochamber (3) are closed. The steam injection valve (233) charges steamthrough port (235) to chamber (3) containing the plastic feedstock. Hightemperature/pressure steam derives from source (219). This valve is thenclosed too so the chamber (3) is sealed with all valves closed. Theshock closure function is shown and described in detail in FIGS. 43, 44,45, 46 and 47 in illustrations that follow. As this occurs a hightemperature Chlorine Gas forms above the liquid hydrocarbon alcoholsthat is shown at (5) which is the alternate vessel in the dualprocessor. (The operational cycle would actually differ here, but movingto (5) affords a means for understanding one complete cycle). The airpressure and vacuum operations associated with chamber (5) are aduplicate of (3). As for example: The air bladder supply is shown at(9a) and the vacuum for evacuating the plastic before bladder inflationis at (32b). The assist vacuum apparatus is shown at (32d). For thisillustration in which the reformed liquid is shown in (5) all its valveconnections (236), (235) and the pair (259) are closed. The prime vacuumvalve (236) is now open to line (10a) and the pressurized Chlorine gason top of the liquid is vacuumed off and up through the chill condenser(99) that has a bottom drain to a liquid reservoir (253) that overflowsto a storage tank (253a). This is Hydrochloric acid. Vacuum Valve (236)is then closed. Steam valve (235) is now opened to pressurize chamber(5) and drive reformed hydrocarbon liquid off to tank and cooling coil(248). This product of the process is a combination of alcohols. Anotherdrain at the base of the vacuum tank of (32) has a similar drain thattakes off the Hydrochloric acid. Other gases move over a loop to thesecondary condenser at (255) and the gases are drawn off by a pump (256)and transferred to portable cylinders at (257). The effluent is drainedat (255) and the acid takeoff is (254). The prime product of alcoholhydrocarbons are taken from shock chamber (5) to a tank with a chillcoil before entering a ribbon-shear mixer at (19) through pipe (249).The soft char from the coal fire reduction and gas recovery of ProcessesI, II and III can be introduced into a hammer mill for pulverization at(18) through pipe (17). The pulverized soft-char product moves to theribbon mixer (19) for premixing with the derived alcohols to end in(250) pipe to a Sonic mixer (21) or conventional design that pepares athixotropic pipe-line transportable fluid of liquefied coal free ofchlorines delivered at (22). The steam system of this process receiveshigh pressure steam (219) that moves to two vertical trunks (234), thentwo valves (233) serving the chambers (3) and (5) as well as supplyingsteam for vacuum ejector (32), (32a), (32b), (32c) and (32d) with theultimate return at (220).

FIG. 40-(A) is a cross-sectional view of a hammer mill apparatus used inpulverizing the soft-char byproduct of the fire reduction process. Thebroken char falls in to the mill at (17) and is worked by the hammerapparatus at (18) to be driven out the bottom in a pipe to the ribbonmixer at (19).

FIG. 41-(A) the alcohol liquor drops out of the processor into a coolingcoil at (248) down pipe to the top of the mixer at (249) and enters withthe carbon output of the hammer mill (17). Chemical additives areprovided with piping (250) and (251). The mixer output is at (252) andmoves to the Sonic mixer (21) and beyond at (252) as a carbon/alcoholproduct. HCL (liquid) is collected in a tank (253a) and discharged at(254).

FIG. 42-(A) a condenser apparatus (99a) for cooling vacuum affluent withgas takeoff compression and storage (257). A shield at (255) deliversliquid to flow directly over coils so gas rises and is taken off fromthe top by the pump. Discharge is at (256).

FIG. 43-(A) a cross-sectional profile of the compression chamber as seenfrom the side view rather than the end as in FIG. 45 in which the forceis applied by opposed pistons to bring them together in an impactagainst a feedstock. Here at (238) the chopped plastic is poised aboveball valve (247a) ready to be driven into the space of (5). The spacehas been evacuated and the pistons (260) and (261) are in the openpositions. The dump valve (262) is closed.

FIG. 44-(A) a like profile view of FIG. 43 in which chopped plasticfeedstock is charged into space (3) through the open ball valve (247) bythe Moyno Ram (246). The high temperature/pressure steam is introducedas shown in FIG. 39 (235) and (233) valves. The pistons and dumpingvalve are standing in the position of FIG. 43.

FIG. 45-(A) an end view of the shock compression chamber like thatdescribed in FIG. 39-(3), showing this position of FIG. 44. Steam hasbeen introduced and the vacuum valves (258) and (233) are closed as isthe drain valve (262). The ball valve (247a) is closed. Valves for ports(235) and (236) are closed.

FIG. 46-(A) a like profile showing the start of compression created bycombustion at the opposite ends of the pistons (260) and (261) causingthem to be propelled by this combustion (265) and (265b) of gas input at(265a) and (265c) at their extreme ends so they shock compress togetheragainst the feedstock and steam in the space between them (263). Theball valve (247a) is shown closed as is the drain or dump valve (262).

FIG. 47-(A) a like profile showing the shock stroke completion and theliquefied plastic material ready for discharge (264) as the bouncereturn of pistons (261) and (260) begins their return stroke. The ballvalve (247a) remains closed and the dump valve (262) can finally beopened to drain the product (264).

FIG. 48-(G) a cross-sectional view showing the working elements of aflywheel-like unit used for the gross separation of the various gasmasses in this near-plasma gas cloud of various molecular weights thatare in the gas steam (50) as it enters this gas molecular mass weightseparation system. The gases move from a fixed piping system (276)mounted on mechanical seals and a bearing assembly (266) that permitsthe rotation of a flywheel-like apparatus mounted in turn on mechanicalbearings and a shaft support of great strength and mass resting on afoundation base. It is driven by a prime-mover source (12) and through aspeed increaser planetary gearing not shown. The central shaft of thisunit supports a large diameter parabola shape (270) which in turnsupports the upper surface of the parabola form or armature (273). Theupper face parabola portion (273) is shown in cross-section. The upperportions of the parabola surface interfacing the gas have finiteopenings as shown in the enlarged view of FIG. 49-(273) which space iscentered at (275) in each of a large plurality of horizontal disc-likecomponents (273) each of which has a large varied size center hole, theedges of which, when stacked, represent the inner diameter contour ofthe parabola bowl. The outside diameter periphery of these meetslit-like openings in a 360-degree stator FIG. 48 (272) so the slitsalign at a mechanical adjoinment (268) comprising a precise spacing andalignment of the slits in the two components. The stator unit issupported with a bridge unit held on stantions (267)-(269). The gas (50)is driven downward into this system to impinge upon and pass through aperforated 45 degree sided cone (278) the bottom of which represents thefocus point of the parabola. After passing the perforated 45 degreeangled conical screen the gas molecules strike the parabola surface of(237) and rebound as the gas mix comes under the influence of a strongcentrifugal force as the whole gas body swings around a center with atotal diameter in the order of twelve to fifteen feet. As the moleculesstrike the parabola's surface (237) they rebound in a direction oppositeto their original path directed primarily to the focus point (278a) thatis opposite side of the apex of the perforated cone. This small areaspace is unperforated and presents a convex face to the rebounding gas ashort distance above a tungsten point on a steeply sided cone (278b).There is an intense bombardment of molecules at this point and the conebottom shape scatters the gas. The molecule's velocity and direction isinfluenced by the centrifugal force and the rebounding from a commondeflection point at (278a). The greater mass molecules dominate in thismotion moving to the top edge of the parabola (273) and those of lessermass gravitate to the lower portion of the parabola face. Thosemolecules with new free paths that do not strike others (minimized bythe extreme expansion occurring) bounce again from this surface and areredirected to the exit area. It is the inventor's belief that, whileinfinitely small, some influence of the centrifugal force will be feltby these molecules held captive in a large moving space. This effectshould be proportional to their individual mass and weight. This themimplies that the heavier molecules will accumulate at the outer diameterand the lighter ones distribute themselves proportionately closer to thecenter as shown in the illustration.

FIG. 49-(G) the gas (50) exits through the appropriate slits (274) inthe parabola bowl (237) to create a strata of gas separation. In thepreferred form of the apparatus of this invention thirty-eight 1/2"concave surfaces (273) flanking the openings (274) which are 0.048" wideslits (275) in the center of 1/2" spacing between discs. These slitopenings provide an area greater than that of the 12 inch diameterpressure gas line intended to feed this system so the volumes of gasesas received in the expansion area can pass effectively through theseopenings without creating a back pressure.

FIG. 50-(G) is a drawing of the focus point of the parabola (273) thatis of a deep-bowl configuration with the focus as shown at (278a) andthe contour of the parabola bowl ranging from (273) to (237).

FIG. 51-(G) is a view (277) of the final tube-end appearance at theparabola exit from the parabola bowl slits of FIG. 46. The gas divisionsare so collimated at the parabola that they accumulate in a wave-guidelike tube with horizontal slot openings (279) or divisions for eachrepresentative gas mass selection. Together these are carried in thistube of separate channels (280). These serve to gather the separated gasstrata for suitable positioning and delivery into the magnetic field ofthe cyclotron that follows.

FIG. 52-(M) In this illustration in which the extruder and gas handlingapparatus of Process IV is shown the description is minimized anddetailed elswhere. The purpose in its inclusion here is to show anapplication of the gases after division using the Cyclotronic MagnetMolecular Division means as illustrated in FIG. 53 and as shown here asthe source of the gases that are applied in the extruder/mixing andliquefying in this process in the preparation of a chemical product.This is shown in detail in FIG. 25. The cross-section here is toillustrate the relationship between the two processes. The (L) featuresof FIGS. 53, 54, 55, 56 and 57 illustrate in cross-section and sketchesthe operation of this Cyclotron Magnetic Gas Division by Molecular Mass.

The assembly of FIG. 52 shows the rotational drive of (12) and (120) aspreviously described turning a nozzle containing an inert media input at(172) as to move through rotating and churning tube forms (68) (notshown), to mix the gases of (61a), (61b), (61c) and (61d) as deliveredthrough an array of piping to stationary ports in rotational seals(121). A cold liquid source delivers the cold treatment through thepiping means of (172) with return at (173). The vacuum source (35)clears the feed stock before the gases are injected at (61).

FIG. 53-(I) is the source of the gases that are applied forliquefication as in FIG. 52. Here is shown a cross-sectional side viewof the magnet of the cyclotronic molecular mass division apparatus ofthe invention, in which gas divisions from the prior treatment (50)enter a magnetic field produced by a direct current coil (55) and ironcore magnet structure. The magnetic field between the poles throughwhich the gas flows causes it to fall out at differing molecular weightpoint on a circular target of slit opening (58) also as shown in themagnetic field produced as seen in top view of the assembly FIG.55-(58). On the outer edges of the magnetic structure (55) the circularmanifold valves (281) can be seen leading to piping that ends in a hotreaction or cold liquefication extruder apparatus of FIG. (52).

FIG. 54-(I) is a perspective illustration showing the magnet structure(55) pole pieces (58) the gas movement (50) and the vertical openings tothe manifold valves (282) around the periphery of the magnetic field incut-away.

FIG. 55-(I) a top view of an open magnet (55) the poles of which areexposed to show a periphery of closely spaced vertical slits areprovided (282) that lead into each molecular division tube. Gas (50) isintroduced to the magnet field edge (58) by a nozzle and the gasesinjected circle under the influence of the magnetic field to finallyfall out in one or a series of slits (282) that represent the molecularweight of a given gas within this gas mass. The manifold end (281) isshown where it begins the encirclement of the tubes ends that extendfrom the magnetic field and the collimating slots (282). These are shownas divided into groups of common weight gases (60a), (60b), (60c) and(60d) that correlate to those pipettes introduced to the ColdLiquefication Processor IV of FIG. 52, (61a), (61b), (61c) and (61d).The gas (50) must have prior treatment in an ionization unit as at(200).

FIG. 56-(I) illustrates the complexity of the gas valve array in themanifold at the tube ends as in FIG. 55 (261). A group of three valvescontrol each of the ports of a circular manifold that surrounds themagnet. The reason for three is that the gas fallout has a width that isunpredictable and not unlike a color band of a spectrum from a prism.Several slots at the magnetic field peripheral edge may serve to collecta bandwidth of comprising a dozen tubes, so two valves in the manifoldedge serve to open or close the connection to the circular manifold pipecontrolling any selected group. One at each end of this dozen tubes canthen be selected to open and the rest remain closed. Then one or a wholegroup of the outer valves in that section can feed a spectrum of gas tothe treatment that follows. This is partly shown here. Two sections havetwo different gases here. In the middle of the illustration is thecontrol point for the two. Number 1 gas is represented by ports (281) sothe two valves between it and Number 2 gas are closed at (283). GasNumber 2 can be expelled from port (285) for all the tubes of thatsection without mixing with Number 1 which is not shown being expelled.

FIG. 57-(I) is a perspective illustration of a possible geometry andpositioning of the gas input (50) after passing through a laminar flowmeans, followed here by the renewable cathode ionization (200) as thegas flows past and finally a representative perspective sketch of thegas molecules turning in the magnetic field and the fallout to threerepresentative slit openings in the enclosing periphery (281). A DirectCurrent source is shown supporting an adjustable voltage potential (284)between the ionization station and the peripheral slit enclosure. Adirect current electrical potential can be a part of the apparatus toprovide this condition between the ionization means and the magnet(284).

FIG. 58-(K) is a cross-sectional view of the components of a simple formof Sub-Sonic Shock Compression piston cylinder assembly (72) which viewis only one side of this apparatus (normally two pistons opposite oneanother and this drawing shows only one). This form is a diesel ornatural gas driven unit with a free piston (286) and actuation ofcombustion created by impact of the piston at the cylinder terminus thatis shown in detail in FIG. 65. The hexagonal center block that willaccommodate six of these single piston assemblies is shown at (299). Thesource of the ignition is the spark plug at (293) and the combustionforce against the piston is at (301). The compression space of thestroke is (287) where compressed feedstock gas is delivered through thecenter ball check (290) upwardly perpendicular to the drawing into aCatalytic Reaction Chamber standing above for close coupling not shown.Exhaust gases are delivered into the Reactor Heating system from port(297) and return stroke pressure for the piston is delivered throughcontrolled valve port (296). (288) is a temperature control space orjacket around the cylinder that is injected with low temperature steam.A bellows form (289) encloses the cylinder sleeve as a heat radiatingsource for heat exchange to this space. (295) is a compressed aircontrol cell with pilot valving means actuated by the piston closure todeliver pressure signals through line (295) to the cylinder (294) forcontrol of fuel and compressed air valving from ports (292) and (291)that provide combustion means for driving the piston. (561) is a quartzwindow port for the visual tracking of the piston by laser beam meansinterrupted by the piston passage.

FIG. 59-(K) is a cross-sectional view of a piston (286) within thecylinder showing the nucleate steam bubble formation at the perforations(300) on its outer surface that support the piston in a floating mode asin an air-bearing (302), but with the added impetus of a force thatimparts motion contributing to the drive force in the direction that thepiston is propelled by combustion or other means.

FIG. 60-(K) a cross-sectional view of a piston (286) of this inventionin which the porting for gas or steam admission is shown at (301),cross-drilling to provide a manifold condition in a longitudinal slot(303) where the slot cuts across and opens threaded or grooved landsthat support a perforated sleeve in which the perforations (300) alignwith the threads or grooves so gases and steams efficiently escape fromthese grooves to the perforations and the space that encloses thepiston's outside diameter.

FIG. 61-(K) is a normal view of the piston (286) of this invention inwhich the nozzle-like ends taper as shown at (304) with the taper basedon the Bernoulli Principle using a proper nozzle angle to provide adriving force for moving in a recoiling function as gas expands, orparticularly as steam forms nucleate bubbles over the perforations (300)and which are then subjected to the high temperature contact of thecylinder wall bursts into an explosive propelling force escaping overthis nozzle taper expansion form. When the piston is moved in eitherdirection the tendency is for the gas or steam to go to the trailingtapered end of the piston giving it the nozzle like recoil push in theopposite direction. When impelled in one direction or another bycombustion or otherwise, the piston tends to move in that direction aspropelled by this additional force.

FIG. 62-(K) is a cut-away and cross-sectional view of a part of thecylinder with the piston (286) at rest between ports (561) and (561a)that have quartz windows usable for determination of piston position.The chambering of the cylinder (288) affords a hot space for thegeneration of low pressure steam with water mist attemperation coolingof these not shown here, but described in detail elsewhere. A bellows ofconvoluted form slips over the inner cylinder sleeve (289) and serves asa heat exchange surface or radiator for the space (288). This steam isdirected to the Reactor for heating.

FIG. 63-(K) illustrates the placement of six single cylinder/pistonassemblies (72) mounted to the center hexagonal control block of FIG.58-(299) so that three can be used as compression units with two pistonsopposed in each and work together progressively or individuallydepending on the requirements of the process. In this view theobservation position lens ports are shown at (561). The steam generatingand temperature control space at (288). The piston is shown at (286) andthe center block at (299).

FIG. 64-(K) is a cross-section top view of the piston mounting that is ahexagonal block (299) as machined in some detail from a single forgingof maximum strength to resist the very high pressures and shocksgenerated by this system. The unit incorporates an assembly (295) thatis compressed air actuation of small spool valve pistons to move controlelements in triggering of combustion of opening or closing of airpistons attached valves at the opposite end of the cylinder assembly thedetail of which is shown in FIG. 65. The ball of the check valve to theReaction Chamber mount above this unit is shown at (290) the port ofwhich opens to the column of catalyst (73).

FIG. 65-(K) is a cross-sectional view of the compressed air controlmechanism (295) that is impacted by the piston at the stroke end toactuate a small auxiliary spool piston pilot movement that opens portingto control the opening and closing of valves at the opposite end of thecylinder assembly. In this apparatus the piston (286) impacts a spring(311) in a sleeve (312) that in turn moves a second sliding sleevemember (314) compressing another spring (315) and at once the sleeveshoulder of (314) as pinned (316) to a spool piston rod (313) moves bythis action to close porting (as shown) in a one shape for a longeraction as at (317) or a shorter action small port as at (318) for aquick response. Optionally by positioning of one or both of these ports(317) and (318) so the piston movement opens rather than closes them thecontrol can be reversed. The movement of this air to pilot control withcompressed air the remote piston/cylinder controls and valve inputsprovides means for the automatic operation of the system.

FIG. 66-(J) is a cross-sectional view of a reaction chamber standing onthe hexagonal mounting block (299) that is the connect to thepiston/cylinder compression apparatus of this invention so that theproduct of the compression from the Sub-sonic Shock Unit below isdelivered directly into the reactor as described in the foregoing. Thepistons and cylinders of this unit are the form of FIG. 63 and are notshown here. Exhaust from the combustion gases as fired in the cylindersmove into the Reactor heating spaces at (305) that surrounds thecatalyst column (73) in vertical piping (306) extending to the top levelof the catalyst where the exhaust flows into the open stack around coilscontaining a gas of the system requiring reheating that enters the coilfrom pipes (408) or (484) to exit at (486). Vertical Steam pipes (386)surround the pipes (306) containing the exhaust which tends to add heatto one side of the exhaust piping as the catalyst absorbs heat from theexhaust piping on its opposite side. Thus the exhaust gas is still veryhot as it moves through the coils in the reheater above. The catalystcan also deliver exothermic heat to this exhaust passage as well. Gasreformed in the catalyst is taken off to the system at (401). A finalglobe shape expansion tank with check relief valve control adds a finalsteam generating point in the stack exhaust to the scrubbing of cleanupsystem. High temperature steam makeup for the Reactor is eitherintroduced at the modulating valves (308) attached to the attemperationunits (179) or at a high pressure line steam makeup point (392). Aexhaust and steam manifold encircles the bottom of the reactor and thecompressed gas input from the Sub-Sonic Compression Units high is driveninto the catalyst at (400). The vertical pressure pipe jacket theReactor are provided with water makeup using the attemperation mistwater to specifically generate new steam for the Reactor. The steamtemperature and pressure in the (307) steam loop is controlled by theattemperation units (179) as shown in detail in the FIG. 68illustration. The modulation valving (308) passes excessive steam to thereturn line, not shown.

FIG. 67--(J) has two views, the upper is a top cross-section of thereactor of FIG. 66 showing the vertical tubing for exhaust (306) that isthe container for the column of catalyst standing inside it andsurrounded in turn by the steam tubing bank for (307) intended tojointly provide heat transfer to the catalyst media (73) via the exhaustwhile conserving and holding its heat with the steam piping enclosurefor the reheater coils at the top. This outer third vertical pipe layers(307a) consist of only two or three conduits for high temperature steamheld in insulating brick work of the wall of the reactor. These supplythe top and bottom manifolds (400). The objective here is to supply newsteam to the Reactor Center and at once heat the Reactor Walls. Thelower illustration portion of this FIGURE shows a side view of thecatalyst (73) the exhaust piping at (306), the inner steam piping (307)and the outer three pipe system (307a).

FIG. 68--(J) a cut-away illustration of an attemperation unit (179) thatis employed throughout this system of processes as the means for wateraddition to the steam generation equipment and also to provide the meansfor temperature control. Stem flow (397) is left to right in theillustration. The venturi part (309) is where a water mist isintroduced.

FIG. 69--(K) is a top slightly larger cross-sectional view of thehexagonal mounting block of FIG. 66 showing the mounting flange (400a)for attachment to the reactor and the conjunction of (306) porting fortransfer of hot exhaust and the control component (295) with the pilotvalving (316).

FIG. 70--K is a cross-sectional illustration of an entirepiston/cylinder assembly (72) intended to show the opposed pistonsimpact position (286a) and (286c) against the rams that hold thefeedstock between them and the return stroke position (dotted line)(286b) and (286d) illustrating the adjustable arresting apparatusemployed to avoid damage in impact while still closing with shock forceagainst the feedstock held in the isolated space between the rams.Progressive exhaust ports are shown at each end. On the left is (354)and (355). On the right is (354a) and (355a) (370) and (375) are gas andsteam input to the isolation chamber for shock compression.

FIG. 71--(K) is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the nearly closedposition of the pistons, the internal ball arresting partly inside thepiston and the rams and relief valves that function to control thepassage of feedstock to the impact space. Emphasis here is on the use ofthe perforated surfaces on all moving elements in the cylinder, pistonsand rams. The pistons (286) as in FIG. 70 in a virtually closed positionat the center of the unit (72). The balls (357) inside the pistons haveclosed against the piston rods (321) and (321a) and the piston rodrelease taper FIG. 72 (323) has nearly sealed against its seat (326) ofthe front ram (331) as the ram collar (330), center ram (329) and theback ram (328) heave nearly closed too. The point of this illustrationis not operational, but to shown the use of the grooved or threadedsurfaces on all of these elements as at (320) for the purpose ofminimizing friction and creating the easiest movement possible. Thelongitudinal hole to input this steam or gas to the peripheral ports orperforations FIG. 73 (300) in all of these can not use a center bore,but has to use displaced holes and shallow lateral hole connections like(322) and (301) so the manifold problem can be served and the grooves orthreads filled with gas to steam under the porting except perforations(300). Part of the arresting function is shown here. As pressurebuilding in the compresses space (371) gas back into the port FIG. 72(334) of the piston rod (321) and out of cross-holes (346) causingback-pressure against the collars (327) (330) that must be overcome asthe final stroke position of the piston is achieved. A series of ballcheck relief valve forms release the compressed gas from the isolatedspace beginning at ball (365) and the series of valve checks of (332) torelease at (359). New Gas feedstock input enters through ball checkvalve (333) (366).

FIG. 72--(K) is a cross-sectional illustration of the piston rod-valvecomponent that moves in and out of the piston body to provide anarresting function as well as means for the final closing of the seal(323) that engages the seat FIG. 71 (326) for the compression space asthe gas increment is driven out through the pressure relief valve intothe reaction chamber or collection vessel. This part comprises its body(321) in which an end bore (334) reaches to cross holes (346). Thepiston rod spring assembly (324) and piston rod end plunger (325) areshown. Spring (324) works between flexing bellows on a shaft thatpermits everything to slide inside the tubular bore of the piston rod.

FIG. 73--(K) like FIG. 72 this is a cross-section taken through thepiston wall showing the supporting thread-like grooves (319) holding theperforated shell and serving as a manifold for steam passage out theperforations (300) in that sleeve or shell. (320) shows a groove axiallyparallel that serves to connect the threads or grooves so gas can passbetween them from the cross bore manifold connection.

FIG. 74--(K) is another enlarged view of the piston/cylinder assembly inthe near closed position of FIG. 71, but here the emphasis is upon thevalving unit (361) at the compression isolation center FIG. 76 (371) onwhich is mounted the relief ball checks (332) and the input check valve(333). This assembly of valves maintains a high pressure in thefeedstock chamber until the pressure overcomes the several springretention means so the gas can be expelled.

FIG. 75--(K) is a view of one cylinder end showing the arresting gearused at each end to slow the velocity of the piston after the isolatedgas increment is impacted. Here orifice controls of escaping air orsteam, plus the large spring at the cylinder end as well as the springswithin the piston valve unit that impacts the ball inside the piston allcontribute to arresting the piston stroke. This prevents this force frombeing destructive mechanically. The piston is (286) and the piston rod(321) with its arresting spring assembly (324). At the ends the impactis used to pressurize and send to the middle of the unit steam and gasfor input to the isolation space FIG. 76 (371). Pressurized steam andthe gas feedstock is introduced at both piston return ends at (349). Thevalves to input these are opened and the material introduced just as thepiston reaches the point of closing this end space. This provides aneffective way to stop the piston and at once use the stoke energy forpre-compression of the feedstock gases and delivery to isolation spaceFIG. 77 (371). A large spring is the last resort for stopping (351) asthe back ram (331) hits the striker-plate (352) against the spring andits center collar (350). But the pre-compression of the injected gasescatches this force first with the closing of the piston and all the ramspaces driving this gas and steam over orifices to an auxiliary pressurechamber serving (371). This results in the gas going through theorifices at (348) and finally (369). A four way valve (not shown) servesto provide the feedstock as wall as the high pressure steam to therespective ports from two separate reservoirs.

FIG. 76--(K) is an enlarged view of the cylinder center spring assemblyretaining the ball check at the upper or high pressure relief side whileholding to a lesser pressure restraint at the lower or low pressure sidethat serves to admit gases to the compression chamber. This two valveassembly uses a common pair of springs with extension that differ inforce retention. The spring side view is shown at (361) and (362) withthe ball check retainer for gas output at (365) and the ball checkretainer for input at (366). A final small portion of the isolationspace is shown at (371).

FIG. 77--(K) is an enlarged end view of the spring/valves assembly in anend as seen on the axis of the assembly showing the isolation space atthe center (371) and the two springs as seen from the end (362) and(362a).

FIG. 78--(K) is the first of a series of cross-sectional sketchesshowing the one-half of the cylinder (72) and one piston (286) of thetwo opposed as the one approaches the center section of the cylinder.The piston is driven by combustion or expanding steam as shown by arrows(344). Residual steam ahead of its travel is released by an open seriesof valves so its is moving against zero pressure. (347) is open asrepresentative of these. This force (344) also is passed inside thepiston through an end opening and presses against a free internal ball(357) that is then moved the full length of the piston to seat against aseal at the opposite end. This seal is provided at both ends of thepiston. The inside surface of these piston end openings (356) has aslip-fit finish (RC 7 ASTME) to match the outside diameter of the pistonrod (324) so it can closely fit in this opening as it moves. The boreinside of the piston that supports the ball has a like finish providinga minimum of bypass slip. The end of a telescoping piston rod (321) is,in this illustration, pressed by retained gas pressure in space (340)toward the traveling piston against two ram parts (331) and (328) thatshoulder (341a) against a smaller cylinder sleeve (341) opening in whichthe piston travels. The existing (340) gas pressure has pressed the tworams (331) and (328) against one another wringing the gas between themin space (342) out through ports (346) and (334) of the piston rod toequalize the force in the isolation space (340). The low pressure setblow-by relief-valve (335) allows residual steam or air in space (341)to escape ahead of the piston (286). The piston rod (321) is at rest asis the closed check valve (336). The opposite piston gas pressure (358)is equal to that of space (340). The valves to the reactor (332) theinput (333) to the isolation space are closed.

FIG. 79--(K) in this view the piston (286) has now moved so the pistonrod shaft (321) has entered and closed the end port of the piston (356)as piston rod's spring and bellows shock absorber assembly FIG.72--(324) telescopes and presses the ball (357) back against the drivingforce (344). Check valve (335) is still exhausting air or residual steamfrom space (341) ahead of the front plane of the piston. Check valve(336) is closed. Pressure is building between the back-ram (328) pressedagainst the front ram (331) and the moving face of piston. The pistonrod (321) is at rest as is the closed check valve (336). There is no gasmovement through port (346).

FIG. 80--(K) illustrates the first reaction of the piston rod (321)impacting the piston ball (357). The ball (357) has reversed directionsagainst force (344). Checks (335) and (336) are closed. The piston (286)is about to strike the back face of back-ram (328). Some shock is takenby the remaining residual steam or gas that moves into space (342)because the piston has passed the opening of checks (335) and (336).With the piston-rod spring assembly FIG. 72--(324) fully closed and theball (357) takes up some shock as it applies a reverse pressure againstthe force (344). The (344) force is still great enough now that thetapered end of the piston-rod (321) seats in the front-ram (331) taperseat. This action drives it away from back-ram (328) opening space (342)that fills with gas passing through piston rod ports (334) and (346).Pressure is not great enough in space (342) that this gas joins thatfrom the opposing piston drive at (358) where the action just describedis being duplicated by the opposing piston. Now begins the compressionforce in space (340) against the pressure relief valve at port (332).Check (333) is closed and a vacuum is starting in space (341) whichprovides the bounce for piston return.

FIG. 81--(K) illustrates the second reaction, which is that of impact ofthe piston itself (286) against the back ram (328). The ball (357) hasstill not completed its travel and front ram (331) slows as back ram(328) catches up to nearly close the space (342) between them as its gaspressure moves through the cross hole piston rod ports (346) and (334)in the piston-rod (321) into space (340). There is some low pressureresidual gas or steam remaining space (342). Check valves (335) and(336) are closed. Compressed gas continues to move out of port (332)through relief check valve to the Reactor. Input valve (333) is closed.The vacuum increases in (341).

FIG. 82--(K) is an illustration of the final closed position of all theelements involved in this reaction to the piston (286) force and impact.The final gas at the relief valve set pressure is exhausted at (332) andpassed to the Reactor. The space (340) is totally closed and all gas isexhausted as is the source from the opposing piston (358). The (332)relief valve now closes. Space (341) has created a maximum vacuum. The(357) ball has completed its travel and is seated against the back seal.The space around the piston-rod (321) inside the piston bore (356) isalso in a low vacuum state. The driving force behind the piston has beenexhausted through a plurality of ports to create a zero pressure (344a)for the piston return. With piston closure an impact bounce occursaugmented by some residual pressure in (340) but mostly the vacuum in(341) provides the commencement of the return force. Check valves (335)and (336) are closed.

FIG. 83--(K) illustrates the start of the return stroke that follows the"bounce". Pressurized steam is now introduced at (336) filling space(341) and creating drive force (347). The back-ram (328) opens space(342) between it and the front ram (331) as the feedstock gas isintroduced at (333) for the next compression and gas flows through (334)port of (321) and out ports (346) to space (342). (328) is not backedagainst the shoulder (341a) at the end of space (341). This occurs asfeedstock gas pressure from (333) builds in the isolation chamber (340).The piston-rod's (321) telescoped compressed spring parts are beginningto expand against the ball (357) which is not being drawn to the seat atthe piston's impact end by the piston's return velocity. The check valve(336) remains open to admit the maximum steam pressure (348) into space(341) for the piston's return.

FIG. 84--(K) illustrates the commencement of the piston (286) return asthe piston-rod (321) is freed and the pressure at (340) equalized withintroduction of feedstock gas and all gas has been transferred out ofspace (342). The (328) back-ram has closed against the retainingshoulder and the maximum return pressure and volume (340a) has beenapplied through valve (333) providing some return force (340a) pressurecondition in (340) finishes the closing of the rams. Check valve (335)which is behind the piston's movement is closed but similar valves aheadof the piston's travel not shown are opened so it moves against minimumor zero pressure. The ball (357) which has been pulled back by thevacuum force is shown in the back position. This will suddenly change asthe force propelling (286) drives the ball in the direction opposite thepiston's travel to seat in the return stroke position.

FIG. 85--(K) is a sketch in cross-section of the connection of steamsupply and return to drive an array of assembled piston cylinder unitsin radial form as used in connection with reforming of stack-gas in apower plant application. The steam supply is shown at (380) and thetypical attemperation unit at (179).

FIG. 86--(K) is a section of FIG. 88 showing a single cylinder dualpiston assembly illustrating the use of attemperation units and wateraddition to the chambers within the cylinder for temperature control.The attemperation units are shown at (179), the hexagonal mounting blockfor the standing Reactor is shown at (299) and the ball check (290) forrelease of shock compressed gas to the Reactor which is also shown.Pistons are at (286). Here the ram arresting system is omitted tosimplify understanding.

FIG. 87--(J) is a simplistic annotated sketch of the application of asingle piston cylinder assembly to the production of methanol from stackgas in which (72) is the piston/cylinder unit and (56) is a Reactor and(99) a Condenser.

FIG. 88 (K) is a cross-sectional illustration of a critical element inthe control of the operation of the steam driven Sub-Sonic Shockcompression unit. This is a rotary throttle valve that is driven by apressure/volume regulated constant steam stream passing over an impelleron a common axis with a cylindrical valve that intermittently opens ahigh pressure steam port to deliver pulses to the series'cylinder/pistons assemblies simultaneously in achieving a synchronousdrive in the piston pairs that oppose one another. The holed cylindersurface of this throttle rotor is supported by the steam pressurewithout weight or resistance to the rotational force using the nucleatebubble principle of this invention. These bubbles support the journalwithin the space tolerance between all the journal surfaces and theinner surface of the cylinder to achieve full flotation on thisexplosive nucleate bubble steam. A pressurized space (345) provides aconstant pressure to an axial port (338) that reaches via lateral pathsthe perforations on the outer periphery of the rotor. Thecross-sectional view shows the rotor in some cut-away sections toillustrate the perforations (300) on the surface and on each end tomaintain the centering of the rotor with the like nucleate bubbletechnique there as well as on the peripheral sleeves. Steam output (344)is shown from the expansion chamber (345) and the driving input to therotor/impeller is shown at (337). Steam to pressure control valves (notshown) is at (348).

FIG. 89--(K) is a cross-section illustration in four sections. The steaminput ports are shown in one cross-section at (337). The upper leftquadrant shows the peripheral perforation of the journal at (300). Thelower left quadrant shows the center axial port (338) that is fed by therotor steam feed at one end, closed at the center and fed with the pulsesteam feed at the opposite end. The lower right quadrant shows the pulsepressure chamber at (345). The upper right quadrant shows steam feedchannels (320) that cut through the threading under the perforated areasleeve that delivers steam from the axial port using this as a manifold.The steam input is at (137) and the output at (344).

FIG. 90--(K) is a cut cross-section through the rotor which in cut-awayshows the steam pockets (339) and lateral steam channel to axial port(338) that provide passage of steam to other channel feeding theperipheral perforations (300), (343) indicates the steam drivedirection.

FIG. 91--(K) is a section through the steam valving portion of thejournal in which (337) is the steam input to chamber (345) with a smallbypass port (344b) which assures full steam input to the (345) space.Both of these are closed with rotation and when port (344) is alignedwith the pressure chamber outer opening of (344a) a pulse of steam isdischarged. The exhaust port (344) then passes the small vent port (368)that clears the chamber (345) of latent pressure before alignment withthe charging port (337).

FIG. 92--(K) is a section of center showing the expansion chamber (345)without porting or peripheral perforations and the axial port toperforations (338) for nucleate bubble formation as in other sections.

FIG. 93--(K) is a cross-section showing the individual V grooves orthreads cut in the outside diameter of the rotor that are not unlikethose of the pistons in the Processor units. The cross-section representthe rotor of the steam throttle, the grooves are shown at (319) and thedotted line is the cross-cut (320) made through the grooves so steam canflow freely to all of the grooves as they are made to function like amanifold beneath the perforated outer sleeve of tube that fits aroundthe rotor. These perforations (300) provide the opening on which thepressurized nucleate bubbles form to support the rotor so it can turnfreely on this support. (374) is a cross lateral port to serve steamfrom the axial port.

FIG. 94--(K) is a cross-sectional illustration showing the use of areflective light beam deflected by the surface of the piston (286) inpassage inside the cylinder assembly (72). A long focal length lens isshown in use to remove the optical equipment away from the heat of theapparatus. A laser light source (552) provides a laser beam (553)deflected by a mirror (554) causing the beam (555) to pass through holes(556) in lenses of telephoto lens (557). The beam after passing lens(557) on path (558) moves to the focal point on piston's surface (559).The beam passes through a quartz lens (560) in a Kovar mounting with alight reflective barrel (561). The reflected returning light beam fromthe piston (286) reflection (562) passes straight through the telephotolens system (557) to reach a photocell or light pulse sensor (565).

FIG. 95 (K) is an illustration like FIG. 94 but employing the passage ofa laser beam across the piston path for the same purpose. Here twoaligned quartz lenses (560) in the cylinder wall make this possible. Thesensor (565) receivers directed light through a telephoto optical systemat (564) and through a non-reflective Kovar barrel (567) supporting aquartz lens (560) in cylinder (72) that passes across the path of thepiston (286) or is interrupted in this passage as it originates at thequartz lens (560) on the opposite side of the cylinder (72) in the beam(553) originates from the laser light source (552).

FIG. 96 (K) an enlarged cross-sectional view of the lens element usedwith the light reflective Kovar barrel (561) showing the light bounceinside this member and as reflected from a polished sleeve of the quartzlens (560) as it is returned from the piston (286) reflection (559) dueto the polished surface of that member.

FIG. 97 (K) an illustration like FIG. 95 in variation showing thenon-reflective Kovar barrel (567) supporting a normal non-reflectivequartz lens (560).

FIG. 98 (J)-(K) is a complete detailed schematic of piping and controlsfor the application of three Sub-Sonic Shock Compression units asillustrated in FIG. 84 applied to a pair of reaction chambers and a hightemperature water/steam compression accumulator mounted in close-coupledrelationship with one another to produce alcohol from natural gas. Theemphasis here is on the use of every means possible to conserve heatenergy by maximum use of the heat generated with the system elementsthemselves including capturing the exothermic heat of the Reactor.Finally the mechanical compression of high temperature/pressure steamwith this apparatus is virtually an Isentropic function, but it isestimated that some water will occur with this compression. Thefrictionless compression apparatus should be recovering heat dissipatedto low temperature steam jacketing around all the apparatus thatprovides a maximum recovery from virtually all hot surfaces. Operatingat 1,800 psia and 625 degrees F. would provide the conditions we areseeking here. Any water recovered is passed to the Attemperation unitsthat serve to bring new water to the system and at once provide meansfor control of temperature in the enclosing jackets. This illustrationshows the configuration of a Natural Gas steam reforming plant usingthree individual dual piston gas and steam Sub-Sonic shock highcompression units.

To aid in understanding this drawing the following should be noted:

High Temperature Steam piping has a line in the pipe.

Medium Temperature Steam piping has small circles in the pipe.

High Temperature Exhaust Gas has small dots in the pipe

Natural Gas Piping is plain.

First Reaction Gas has a single line of dots in the pipe

Second Reaction Gas has a single line of dashes in the pipe.

Water and Effluent Lines are solid.

The first Unit (72) introduces natural gas to a catalyst reactionchamber R1 to produce Syngas. The second (72b) to shock compress thisSyngas and a steam addition with delivery to a second catalyst treatmentR2 Reactor is followed by the conventional treatment of such reformedgas to produce a range of alcohols. A unique system for compressing highpressure steam mechanically (72a) with large pistons driving smallerrams against the steam to create this Isentropic drive across checkvalves to a pressure accumulator (S2) where the water is taken off thebottom for reuse in the process while the high temperature/pressuresteam is used as the major steam source. Steam input from an externalboiler system is provided when makeup is required. At the stack top asmall spherical boiler receives the last heat of the exhaust. The boileris fed by steam input from the reactor vertical steam tubes that standwithin this stack tube adjacent to the catalyst in the lower sectionproviding a maximum heat conservation condition within the unit.

The system consists of a High Temperature Steam Supply at the center andlooping around the system. There is a medium temperature loop thatservices the seven Attemperation Units for Steam Makeup in the Systemand to maintain temperature control. A water recovery system includingeffluents from Condensers is used in a high pressure water system andloop to the Attemperation Units. The Combustion Gas Exhaust iscirculated through the Reactor walls before moving past coils carryingthe Reacted Gases in a reheater function following the Condensers.Finally the Natural gas input moves in a looping arrangement to servethe compressor combustion needs. The exhaust gases inside the stackportion of the reactor envelop a double pipe coil carrying reacted gasesthat require reheat after condenser cooling. The water makeup for thisentire system is supplied by a plurality of Attemperation units thatinject mist directly into the jacketed steam piping in this way themaximum amount of heat energy is captured for work without loss to theatmosphere. Compressed gas handled in Unit (72) is conducted in a likemanner in Unit (72b) except in this case the feedstock is Syngas fromthe R1 Reactor after passing the condenser (99), and reheated forrecompression before introduction to the R2 Reactor.

Natural gas for reforming enters the system at (378) is heated withpassage through a coil (379) heated by high temperature steam. The hotgas moves down line (495) to enter the bottom of a wash tank (496). Hereeffluent water from a condenser (99) through pipe (423) bypasses to asteam heated coil (379a) that is a feedwater heater to tank (496). Thewater is maintained at 260 degrees F. The gas from this tank is used inthe refining system at the end of the process passing to a staging tank(466). In addition, gas from this tank moves to SSS Unit (72) at (387)for combining with high temperature steam input at (375). Gas from line(395) bypasses to serve as combustion gas with input to the SSS Unit(72a) at (498). The gas line continues to SSS Unit (72b) inputting at(499) for combustion. Directly below the gas heater (379) a take-off ofgas line (495) goes to the combustion input of SSS Unit (72) at (497).Water for this system makes up from an external supply as required whichis not shown. The condensation effluent from the two condensers (99) topipes (423) and (424) provide a reservoir of water at (422). Inaddition, water that accumulates in the compression accumulator at (461)is taken off to a loop (384) that supplies the entire bank of sevenattemperators (179). This loop (384) receives water under pressure fromtank (409), as pumped from pump (410) to include condenser effluent asthe water supply for the system. Heat for this system is supplied byheat of compression in the SSS Units as product is forced overprogressive relief valves (332) in each SSS Unit. Heat is also suppliedby combustion exhaust escaping after combustion in each SSS Unit. Thisexhaust (477) (478) and (479) is delivered to a bank of vertical tubeswith entry to a circular manifold at the base (305) in each of theReactors R1 and R2 that in each case is provided with direct contactenclosure of the column of catalytic material (73) by this exhaustpiping. Combustion ignition of the gas for drive in the SSS Units isachieved with a spark device (396) (397) and (398) incorporated in eachSSS Unit. Part of this exhaust from combustion is carried to loop (482)for delivery to the reactors. In each SSS Unit an attemperationapparatus (179) injects water mist into a space (288) that is a jacketenclosing the tube in which the piston (286) functions. The combustiongenerates heat in the range of 2000 degrees F. that radiates into thismist injected steam that forms and expands in the area (386). This steamas generated in these jacketing spaces is expelled from this space ineach of the SSS Units at (393) (394) and (395) to enter a steam loopthat is back of a check valve and pressurized steam line (383). Theprimary steam generation for the system is dependent upon start-up steamfrom a boiler (337) and with the commencement of operation theisentropic function of SSS compressor (72a) that compresses steam with apiston to compression area ratio of three or four to one. In operation,the steam from SSS compressor (72a) moves with close coupling ratherthan piping as illustrated at (464a) into an accumulator (460) of veryhigh pressure design consisting of a vessel in which jacketing ofvertical tubing in appropriate insulation provides enclosure (463). Thisvertical piping (463) receives an input of steam from the mediumtemperature steam as generated in the SSS Units and delivered to thesteam trunk (383). As the pressure builds in the accumulator (460) wateraccumulates at (461) below the steam (462) until an isentropic conditionexists. This water is taken off (385) and added to the water system(384) that services the attemperation of the SSS Units. The hightemperature steam (462) moves with control equipment to pipe (464) andmodulating valves (465) with a direct feed to an expansion chamber(370). This is very high temperature steam carried off in line (373) andwith a pressure stopping input from boiler (337). This steam moves from(373) to (374) after the bypass point of supplying heat to preheat gasat (379), bypasses to supply gas for reforming at (375) at the SSS Unit(372) and ends at (376) steam input for compression at (72a). Thiscompletes a steam generation loop and return. At the top of the (460)accumulator unit, a bypass at the two modulating valves (465) provideintermittent medium pressure steam in lines (380). The left line goes toa low pressure standpipe (381) which is the makeup steam source movingagainst the check valve of the medium temperature pressure attemperationloop (383). This is checked and called intermittently if the pressuredrops below permissible level. This pressure in line (381) moves againstan opposing pressure in line (382) that is the feed for theattemperation unit of SSS Unit (72a). In the reactor R1 and R2provisions are made in the enclosure of the catalyst outside the tubingthat is retaining the catalyst and carrying the exhaust fumes for twoadditional vertical banks of tubes. These are heated by chemicalreaction or exothermic conditions of the catalyst and are injected witha group of attemperation mist devices that are effectivelyself-generating in that the outer side of the exhaust tubes which on itsopposite side is against the catalyst radiates heat to thesemist-containing flash steam generating pipes system generally shown hereas (386). Makeup steam for this piping system in both reactors issupplied from a high temperature source (380c) to input the pipingsystems (386) in R1 at (392) and R2 at (390). Check valves (389) and(391) control back-up. This reactor piping arrangement is shown in somedetail in FIGS. 66, 67, 68 and 69. Steam generated in this systemaccumulates in a standpipe used for both reactors at (388). Some steamfrom this source contributes to the attemperation loop (383). Assumingthe steam sources and water pressure with the gas input required theoperation functions in the following order. The SSS Unit (72) compressesthe combined gas steam driving it over the relief valves (332) to exitat (399) and enter the reactor (400) passing through catalyst (73) tothen exit the reactor (401) entering condenser (99) at (402) exiting thecondenser at (403). Normally the reformed gas goes to the reheaterimmediately but optionally the gases can fraction (404) directly fromdifferent levels of the condenser (99) with a top fraction (405) middlefraction (406) bottom fraction (407), or again optionally these combinedfractions can move to the reheater with cutoff of the whole gas body(403). (Two chill unit condensers (99) serve to cool the reacted gasfrom R1 and R2 that flows around cooling coils in these. The coils arecooled by steam ejectors serviced with high pressure steam sources toevacuate these via piping (426) and (427). If the combined fractions areused, they move through line (408) to the reheated. If the whole gas isused, it delivery through line (484) to the reheated. It exits thereheated (486) through line (487) line (488) to input SSS Unit (72b) at(489). This is Syngas. Steam is input with this Syngas (377) andcompressed by the piston (286) driving the gas across checks (332) outat (490) along dotted line (491) to enter R2 reactor at (492) movethrough catalyst (73) exit the reactor and enter condenser (99) at (411)to exit the condenser at (412). Optionally as before in the R1 reactorfractions can be taken off the condenser (413) at (414) in a topfraction (415) middle (416) bottom. Again optionally the combinedfractions (418) can be delivered to refining instead of the whole gas asdelivered to refining from (412). The whole gas, however, passes throughline (485) after exiting the condenser at (412) to move through areheater at the top of R2 reactor. The reheated gas exists the reactor(486) to move down the line to (419) and (420) to enter the refiningequipment (421) in staging separator tank (466). This is followed by theFlash Tank at (467), the Crude Tank (425) a pipe from which is shownmoving to the Topping Tank at (475) followed by the Refining Tank at(476). Thereafter a Methanol and Alcohol is derived.

FIG. 99 (J) & (K) is a schematic plan or block progressive diagram withalphabetic labeling as an annotated schematic illustration to aid infollowing FIG. 98. The SSS Gas Compressor is shown at (72) serving thefirst Reactor R1, followed by the SSS SynGas Compressor (72b) as shownserving the Reactor R2. The SSS Steam Compressor is S1 (72a) serves ahigh compression expansion steam chamber (S2). The compression functionsare followed by conventional refining procedures to obtain alcohols.

The ordering is (A) representing the treatment of gas feedstock followedby (B) the SSS Gas Compressor, the R1 (C) Reactor, a Condenser at (99)(D), a Reheater above the Reactor (E), return to recompression at (72b)(F) the Syngas SSS Compression Unit, then into the second Reactor R2(G), again followed by a Condenser at (99) (H), the Reheater (l), thento a Separator Tank (J), the Flash Tank (K), the Crude Tank (L), theTopping Tank (M) and finally the Refining Tank (N) after which aMethanol and Alcohol product can be taken off the system. Effluent fromthe Reactor R1 and R2 is drawn off to tank and pump (X). Water is takenfrom Condensers (99) to tank (W) and pump that delivers water back tothe system for steam.

FIG. 100 (N) is a cut-away schematic of the newsprint fired steam boilerof this invention that employs the "cottonized" newsprint input (431)created by use of a hammer mill (18) that reduces bundles of newsprint(17) to a cotton like fiber that is very inflammable. This serves as thefuel for the boiler fire which is driven by pulsed heat blasts from aRam-jet engine (13) creating a hot pulse (430) that passes a point (431)where finely shredded newsprint paper is blown into bowl-like firingarea that is the ignition point of the paper fuel (432) as the new flamejoins the return loop path of the flame at the end of a return loopcircuit (442) creating a flow of heat and flame in passage (433) pastbroiler tube water reservoirs (435) of vertical boiler tubes (436)turning around at (438) to reverse course in the flame trunk (439)passing boiler tubes again at the upper level to arrive at the startingvia (440) and (441) overlapping the Ram-jet input (442). The banks ofvertical water tubes are closed on both ends and hold heavy balls thathave a rolling fit in the tubes so they actually "iron out" the nucleatebubbles from the tube walls as they cycle up and down within each tube,but their function is to totally fulfill the needs of the boileroperation automatically. The bottom end of each tube has a bottom waterfeed reservoir FIG. 101 (446). new stuff

The enlarged view of the two-tube section of this illustration is shownin operational detail in FIG. 101 that follows. In the initial flamepath at the bottom of the boiler system, the tubes extend from the steamand water reservoirs above with apparatus attached to their ends that isexposed to the passing flame. These tubes (436) have at their bottom endsmall water reservoirs that are staggered in arrangement to maximizepassing flame exposure. Inside the tubes (436) are two balls, one is the"ironing" ball that wipes nucleate bubbles from the tube's innerwalls inan excursion up and down. This movement is caused by a check valve ball(437a) which, when at rest, closes a check on the reservoir (435) thatis holding water (446). This water flashes into steam opening the checkand flinging upward to strike the "ironing" ball that we hereinaftercall the impact ball. A supply water tube (434) is a part of thereservoir structure (435) and extends upward into the boiler to reach afeedwater source. As the ball (437) moves upward in its excursion, itfunctions to deliver steam to reservoirs and finally compresses steamagainst headcaps on the tubes (444) which provides the return drive"bounce" to send the impact ball on its return to meet the rising checkball as it is expelled by the steam formation in reservoir (435) at(446).

FIG. 101 a cut-away and enlarged cross-sectional view of a pair of theboiler tube elements of the newsprint boiler of FIG. 100 and the detailof their function. The flame travels past the tube bank in twodirections (433) and (439). In the first trip the tube water reservoirsat (446) and (446a) are subjected to this heat and their water contentcreates steam and pressure to activate the feedwater heater function ofthe water supply tubes (434) that extend down to this level from themain water supply source (360) that is positioned between the two steamtrunks of the boiler body (457) holding the saturated steam and (458)the superheated steam. Check valves in the water tube at the bottom at(445) control this inflow when water pressure above (topped with somesteam pressure) is overcome by the pressure of steam generated in thereservoir (446) or (446a) The check valve (445) opens to the water abovethat flows briefly in a steam exchange with the content of reservoir.This new water is pre-heated and quickly becomes steam and the processrepeats itself. The primary action is automatic and each tube (436)functions independently of every other. There is no connection betweenthem except the open ports of each that connect to the saturated steamin space (457) with ports (449) and (450) and superheated steam levels(459) with ports (453) and (453a). These are simply open holes in thetube walls. The impact ball (437) and the check ball (437a) have arolling and almost loose fit in the tube and are driven in their upwardtravel by expanding steam beneath them (447). They fall back as thesteam contracts beneath them and steam trapped above increases inpressure. The very slightly smaller ball check valve ball that seatsitself at (445) on the top of the bottom water reservoir (446) showingwater flow into that reservoir. The impact ball (437) is struck by therising check ball (437a) as it is driven violently upward by the steamas shown formed in (446a). In the tube topping the (446) reservoir theballs are falling. In the adjoining tube topping the reservoir (446a)expanding steam (448) has driven the check ball to its maximum height(451). It has struck the impact ball violently causing it to move to theposition (452) where it is compressing some steam at the top of the tubeagainst the capped ends (444) above it that will provide the bounceforce for its return. As it has passed the two ports, generated steamexits the boiler at two temperatures, saturated at (449) and superheatat (453). The boiler product is saturated steam at (455) and superheatedsteam at (456).

PROCESS I

A Feedstock Extruder Capable of Dual Extrusion

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Fuel Injection apparatus in Extruder

Gas Collection Chamber Apparatus and System

Center-Fire Spool Checker Brick Radiator

PROCESS II

Rotating Feedstock Extruder Capable of Dual Extrusion

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Rotary Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Rotary Fuel Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Gas Collection Chamber Apparatus and System

Center-Fire Spool Checker Brick Radiator

PROCESS III

Feedstock Extruder Capable of Dual Extrusion

Rotary Vacuum Apparatus at the Extruder

Chemical/Gas Injection Apparatus at the Extruder

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Rotating Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Rotating Fuel Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Gas Collection Chamber Apparatus and System

Center-Fire Spool Checker Brick Radiator

Ram-Jet Flame Drive Apparatus

Thermal Diffusion Gas Collection and Division Apparatus

Hollow Ball Dry Cleaning Apparatus & System

Renewable Cathode Gas Ionization Apparatus

Parabola/Centrifugal Collinmation Apparatus & System

Cyclotronic Molecular Division Apparatus & System

PROCESS IV

Reconstitution Media Extrusion Nozzle Apparatus

Rotary Vacuum Apparatus at the Extruder

Multiple Chemical/Gas Injection Apparatus at the Extruder

Intermediate Drive Unit Apparatus

Rotating Absorber Receiver Retention Tube Apparatus

Static Support Tube for Hot and Cold Transit

Rotating Fire Tube Injection Apparatus in Extruder

Rotating Cryogenic Tube Injection Apparatus at Extruder

Reaction Tower Hot Catalyst System Apparatus

Reaction Tower Liquid Nitrogen Cold System Apparatus

PROCESS V

High Compression Chamber Apparatus

Nucleate Bubble Piston Apparatus

Ram Impact Mechanism Apparatus

Increment Gas Compression Chamber Apparatus

Piston Shock Arresting Apparatus

Radial Multi-Cylinder Compression Apparatus

Steam Attemperation Apparatus Form

Free Energy Close Coupling of Compression and Reactor

Fluid Bed Effect in the Mounting of the Reaction

The method and apparatus disclosed herein include the followingfeatures:

A Processing Method for the Fire Reduction of a Feedstock for theextraction of gases and the recombining of those gases with Sub-Sonicshock steam reforming and hot catalyst reaction means, followed by GasLiquefication in a cryogenic system for the production of one or morechemical products comprising in combination:

A Plurality of Conventional Pressure Extruders;

coupled with a;

Multiple Input High Pressure Extrusion Nozzle that compacts and extrudesa tubular form of a pulverized feedstock material enclosing extrudedinner-tube laminated liner;

which said nozzle provides for the extrusion of the;

Inner-Tube Fire Resistant Insulation Extrusion placed inside a firstextruded Feedstock Tube using;

Static Nozzle Means to introduce this laminated inner extrusion forprotection of the feedstock from the direct/flame bore Center-Fire in aprocess for muffled or encapsulated fire reduction of a pulverized massof feedstock compressed as a tube that functions as the conduit for theflame and heat that carbonizes and gasifies the said feedstock tube'swalls to extract gases and liquors as by-products taken from the tube asit is converted to carbon or coke in the passage;

which said nozzle optionally provides for the producing of thisextrusion with an;

Inner Tube Fire Resistant Insulation Extruded Line placed inside a firstextruded Feedstock using a;

Rotary Nozzle Means to introduce this laminated inner extrusion forprotection from the direct/flame Center-Fire application in a processfor reduction of a pulverized mass compressed as a tube that functionsas the conduit for flame and heat that carbonizes and gasifies thetube's walls to extract gases and liquors as by-products or optionallyan application of a;

Rotary Extruder Nozzle with Multiple Ports enclosed within an stationaryouter tube with annular stationary supporting rings on the ends that aremounted on the internal revolving Nozzle body using;

Rotary Carbon/Carbide Faced Mechanical Seals to provide intermittentaccess to a plurality of rotating ports in the turning nozzle that alignwith hard piped single ports in this outer stationary tube thusproviding throughput openings to the rotating nozzle's interior for airevacuation of the feedstock in passage and the delivery gas chemicals tothe line extrusion inside the first feedstock extrusion while;

Hard Pipe Connections that afford the introduction of the Center-Fireand the Extrusion Feedstock and Liners are the mounting means ofpreference in each of the processes even when the extruder nozzle has apartial rotating design with use of the external annular static tube asa secondary mounting means for supporting the portion of the internalnozzle body that turns on rotating seals and bearings as held in thismounting which affords a;

Static Vacuuming Port for vacuum connection so the feedstock intersticescan be evacuated in passage prior to full feedstock compression in thenozzle or optionally the said Extruder Nozzle can employ a;

Rotary Vacuuming Port equipped with rotary mechanical seals for airevacuation from the feedstock interstices in passage prior to fullfeedstock compression in the nozzle while with either procedure theevacuated space provided in the feedstock with this means isaccomplished without drawing feedstock into evacuating apparatus using;

A Grating Form for the Vacuuming Extrusion Port comprising a louvredopening with slats or slots arranged so a series of curved rectangularpassages serve the vacuum as placed at right angles to the axis of theextruder and with the slat divisions separating so each dividingpartition is placed at a 45° to 55° trailing angle to the direction ofthe extrusion to prevent the passing feedstock surface from being plowedor drawn into the vacuum system so the injection of chemical gases addedto the feedstock through;

Static Gas Injection Ports can be input to an smooth porous feedstocksurface just before the said feedstock entering the direct Center-Fireflame reduction heat application for the gasifying of a pulverized masscontent in tubular form to extract constituent gases and liquors forsubsequent processing, or optionally the inject of chemical gasesthrough;

Rotary Gas Injection Ports for input to Feedstock at the Extruder Nozzleas an addition to the said feedstock material prior to the saidfeedstock entering the direct flame/fire application in the reductionprocess for gasifying of a pulverized mass content in tubular form toextract gases and liquors for subsequent processing while a;

Static Fuel Injection Port is used to input into the feedstock tube opencenter as the fuel for the Center-Fire Flame inside the feedstock thatis the internal heat source in the direct/flame Fire Reduction Processfor gasifying of a pulverized mass tubular content to extract gas andliquors for subsequent processing or optionally a;

Rotary Fuel Injection Port is used for input into the feedstock tubeopen center as the fuel for the Center-Fire Flame inside the feedstockthat is the internal heat source in the direct flame/Fire ReductionProcess for gasifying of a pulverized mass tubular content to gas andliquors for subsequent processing while a;

Static Center-Fire Tube Flame Injection Port is used as means fordelivery of the flame-loop return through the nozzle walls that providesfuel ignition in the tube Center-Fire inside the feedstock tube as theinternal heat source in the direct flame/Fire Reduction Process forgasifying of a pulverized mass content in tubular form to gases andliquors for subsequent processing or optionally a;

Rotary Center-Fire Tube Flame Injection Port is used as means fordelivery of the flame-loop return through the nozzle walls to providefor the fuel ignition at the tube Center-Fire inside the feedstock tubeas the internal heat source in the direct flame/fire reduction processfor gasifying of a pulverized mass tubular content to gases and liquorsfor subsequent processing and all of which ports deliver all of theforegoing through;

Streamlined Piping inside the extrusion nozzle, the shape of whichfacilitate the Feedstock Extrusion Tube wall flow over and past theseshaped pipe channels as the extruder performs the tube shape, whichpassage occurs before the feedstock is fully compressed so the fuel andflame is delivered into the feedstock center one to two seconds beforethe said feedstock tube wall fully closes behind the flame as its fuelinjection and ignition occurs in sustaining the feedstock tubeCenter-Fire to provide an intense internal heat source as the extrusionexists the extruder nozzle to enter the speed-change transferrequirement associated with the;

Static Extruder Nozzle adaptation from a stationary nozzle to arotating;

Rotating Absorber Receiver Tube with use of a;

an Intermediate Extension of the extruder nozzle that comprises an;

Internal Involute Helical Gear die form mounted inside this short, twoto four foot extension tube die that is not rotated but is axiallyhard-mounted on the static extruder nozzle delivery end so it enclosesthe extrusion briefly in its passage from the extruder as it is forcedover internal helical gear teeth of the said die to cause the extrudateto twist in conformation with the curvature of the teeth in thebeginnings of a single revolution as the die teeth press their form intothe extrusion's outside diameter just as it enters the wider diametertapered opening of the slowly rotating;

Absorber Receiver Tube, where the gear tooth form gradually engages thistaper as it reduces in diameter causing the extrusion to be compressedback into the feedstock body by the said taper reduction which saidcompression provides a clutching action that grips and twists theextrusion forcing it to gradually come up to the speed of the AbsorberReceiver Tube's slow rotation, but optionally the same apparatus formcan accommodate a speed change transfer of an extrusion from a;

Rotary Intermediate Extension that is Driven to rotate at a medium speedwhile axially mounted on the extruder nozzle deliver end so the;

Rotary Intermediate Extension that is Driven to rotate at a medium speedwhile axially mounted on the extruder nozzle delivery end so the;

Internal Involute Helical Gear die form mounted inside the shortrotating extension tube is turning as it encloses the extrusion brieflyin its passage from the extruder forcing it over the helical gear teethof the die to twist in response to the teeth curvature beginning a turnthat is added to the rotation of the die with an acceleration ofrotation on the extrudate in this passage over the teeth impressingtheir form into the outside diameter of the extrusion before enteringthe wide tapered opening of the faster rotating Absorber Receiver Tubeso the speed difference in the slower rotation of the IntermediateExtension is accommodated by the gear teeth tops gradually engaging thistaper of the higher speed Absorber Receiver Tube, the effect of which isa;

Speed Range Different Accommodation as outlined above so an entireStationary Extruder Assembly with all of the inputs involved can beintroduced in this static state with introduction of the extrudate finalform into a rotating Internal Helical Involute Gear Tooth Die form sothe tooth angle, added to the speed of the die itself and the clutchingprovision of entrance into the side tapered opening of the fasterrotating Absorber Receiver Tube, where the gear tooth tops are squeezedback into the body of this malleable extrusion form, provide the meansto gradually bring the extrusion up to the speed of the faster movingAbsorber Receiver Tube, while the;

Interface Inner Tube Lamination specially designed in material contentprovides a protective glaze like internal coating that protects thefeedstock tube from the direct Center-Fire contact with the ablation anddiffusing of this meltable silica/clay that permits the fire reductionto proceed at a fast pace resulting in a final carbon product, whichconstitute a;

Soft Char Carbon or Coke Tube that is broken at the top of the processorby its upward force pushing over a widening taper form that breaks itinto parts that fall off into a surrounding tray that is closed to theatmosphere with means to inject a wet steam in a blast against it thatserves to provide preliminary cooling and produces a;

Producer's or "Water" Gas that is vacuumed from the enclosing GasCollection Chamber to be passed over condensers to remove moisture,compressed at low pressure under 100 psia for delivery to the saidextruder nozzle as a fuel for the Center-Fire heat that causes the;

Liquors to be expelled and collected as the;

Gases are Extracted and expelled from the same perforations of theAbsorber Receiver Tube as the extrusion rises in this perforatedconfinement while maintain the Center-Fire in its bore so the extractedgases pass from the perforations to be circulated in the;

Gas Collection chamber in a vortexing division of rough molecular massselection by temperature difference in strata levels within the chamberthat provide a rough thermal division means and after which treatmentthe gases are directed through a;

Ball Cleaning Means followed with;

Ionization by Electron Bombardment and after optionally passing thismean, are then cooled, compressed and tanked, or optionally this step iseliminated, and;

with temperature, pressure and flow rates critically controlled thelarge volume of gas as continuously produced flows from the GasCollection Chamber to driven through the Ball Cleaning and Ionizationmeans of this invention as noted above and thereafter delivered into a;

Parabola Reflector Collimation so the flow is turned back upon itself aspiped gas is driven into a parabola bowl, deflected to a common point ofintense collision changing the molecular free paths before a secondaryforce is applied as the gases spread from the collision point into a;

Horizontal Mass/Weight Strata as influenced by a large centrifugal forcethat creates planar layers of;

Molecular Mass Divisions of the said gas molecules with levels of moleweight differences carried around by the induced friction of a pluralityof rotating horizontally stacked disks of large diameter that haveslit-like spaces between them that are the escape means for the gas. Thediscs-like plate have large open hole areas in their center and withstacking assembly of one flat plane on top of another, the insideperipheral edges of these large center holes of progressively variedsize provide the Parabola shape of this apparatus while the outer edgesand the slit spaces between them open into a stationary horizontallydivided circular stator assembly that draws these gas separation offinto wave-guide like individual partitions ending in a conduit that thenintroduces these horizontally separated gases into;

The Magnetic Field of a Cyclotron type apparatus that attracts thesestrata driven toward the axis center of the magnetic field that isperpendicular to the direction of the gas input to cause the lightermolecules to turn more sharply in this uniform and steady 700 to 1,000gauss magnetic field and the heavy molecules to turn in greater arcswith separation into horizontally divided gas planes of these variedcurves that facilitates entry into a vertical series of partitionedopenings in an encircling barrier with razor-edges divisions, each ofwhich edges border a channel opening to a bank of peripheral valveswhere a valve divided manifold provide means for a form of spectraldividing that makes possible the combining of these channels into groupsof;

Gas Division with parts representative of the chemical content of theoriginal feedstock and which said gas divisions are transferred throughindividual piping means to a larger or smaller pipette group seriesreflecting the spectral division of the gases, which after thisselection is delivered into a;

Second Extruder Nozzle for entry into the interstices of a compacted butnot compressed, finite size inert media extrusion that is delivered froma conventional low pressure extruder through this said nozzle which has;

Evacuating Means to evacuate air from the interstices of the said mediaso;

Individual Gas Selections can be Injected as taken from the divisionsaccomplished with the Cyclotron Magnetic field and delivered into theinterstices between the said inert media elements through a plurality ofports in critically metered amounts as other ports admit into this saidnozzle a;

Gas or Liquid Coolant that passes through Streamlined Piping crossingthe media annulus space in the said nozzle as a;

Media Tube Form of loosely packed media is forced upward in the annulusspace between a;

Top Perforated Absorber Receiver Tube mounted in bearings so it can workin rotation as provided by;

Vacuum-Tight Seals at the top and bottom ends of an enclosing collectionGas Collection Chamber providing support so the said top perforated;

Absorber Receiver Tube is mounted and partly enclosed at the top insidea Collection Gas Collection, but extends outside the said Gas CollectionChamber on each end beyond the seals and bearings at the top and bottomso the;

Evacuated Collection Gas Collection Chamber can serve as partial supportfor this rotation of the Absorber Receiver Tube which provides a;

Mixing and Churning Function because of irregular forms on theunperforated lower portion of the inside wall surface of this said topperforated tube that oppose an outer surface of vertical corrugations ina stationary tube from telescoped into the center opening of the saidrotating top perforated Absorber Receiver tube with a clearance greaterthan the size of media increments while providing a conduit for a;

Flowing Coolant, that passed through the streamlined piping crossing themedia annulus so the said surface interference and shear induced in themedia and gases cause mixing as the;

Gases Cool and Liquefy in the formation of a mixed product that passesthrough the top perforations to be collected in the;

Evacuated Collection Gas Collection Chamber while the;

Media is routed through Cleaning Means to be returned and recirculatedin the said media extrusion nozzle for continuous production of the saidproduct.

Or after Cyclotron division individual gases can be optionally chosenfor;

Sub-Sonic Shock Steam Reforming treatment to convert the selected gasinto a reformed product that can be conducted through a;

Second Extruder Nozzle that pushes a compacted but not compressed beadsize catalyst media extrusion as delivered from a conventional extruderthrough this said nozzle which has the;

Evacuating Means that evacuates air from the interstices of the saidmedia so;

Individual Gas Selections as subjected to prior Sub-Sonic Shock SteamReforming Treatment can be injected into the space between the saidcatalyst media beads through one or a plurality of ports ;with criticalmetering of gas amounts as other ports admit into this said nozzle a;

High Temperature Center-Fire Flow passes through Streamlined Piping inthe nozzle over which the catalyst media flows in the said nozzle in theform of a;

Catalyst Media Tube that is pushed through the annulus space between a;

Top Perforated Absorber Receiver Tube that is mounted in bearings so itcan work in rotation with;

Vacuum Tight Seals at its ends so the said top perforated part of the;

Absorber Receiver Tube is fully enclosed inside an;

Evacuated Collection Gas Collection Chamber that serves as support forthis rotation of the Absorber Receiver Tube which rotational energyprovides a;

Mixing and Churning Function because of irregular forms on theunperforated lower portion of the inside wall surface of this said topperforated Absorber Receiver Tube that shear-oppose an outer surface ofvertical corrugations in a stationary tube form telescoped into thecenter opening of the said rotating top perforated Absorber Receivertube that is the conduit for a;

High Temperature Center-Fire Flame Flow passes through the annulus spacebetween this said stationary tube and another center perforated tubethat provide a draft flow for the flame travel impeded by the presenceof a plurality of ceramic spool checker structures within the annulusspace. This heating means transfers heat to the catalyst media and itsgas containment while the said surface engagement of the two said tubes;

Churns the Catalyst Media to accelerate iso-octane reaction in theproduction of a chemical gas compound.

A Fire Reduction Method in which an apparatus combination has

Stationary Extruder Nozzle means that delivers a dual extrusion into along rotating perforated;

Absorber Receiver Tube holding a moving extruded feedstock tubefunctioning as a conduit for an intense;

Center-Fire fueled through the extruder nozzle and into the extrusionthrough;

Streamlined Piping that delivers the said fuel across the feedstock toignite inside the dual extrusion tube's inner conduit which is surfacesealed with a;

Fire Resistant Diffusing Silica/Clay Inner Tube Lamination that closesthe inside walls of the feedstock extrusion to protect it from directflame and fire while permitting heat to penetrate the extrusion tubewalls and reduce the said feedstock to a;

Carbon or Coke Product residual remaining after carbonizing of saidfeedstock drive off constituents of;

Gas Products and Liquors that move through the perforations of the saidAbsorber Receiver Tube into an enclosing evacuated Gas CollectionChamber or;

Atmosphere Excluded Gas Collection Chamber where gases and liquors areheated for transfer to other processing means.

The Fire Reduction Method in which the stationary extrusion nozzleapparatus employs a;

Static Intermediate Extension Tube, for speed change accommodationlocated between the said nozzle delivery end and the bottom opening ofthe long perforated slowly rotated Absorber Receiver Tube that issupported with use of a single vacuum tight rotating mechanical seal inthe Gas Collection Chamber.

The Fire Reduction Method in which the stationary extrusion nozzleapparatus employs a;

Rotating Intermediate Extension Tube, for speed change accommodation, islocated between the said nozzle delivery end and the bottom opening ofthe long perforated fast rotating Absorber Receiver Tube that issupported with use of a plurality of vacuum tight rotating mechanicalseals in the Intermediate Extension Tube and the Gas Collection Chamber.

The Fire Reduction Method in which the extrusion nozzle is driven torotate with a connecting apparatus providing a;

Common Speed to that of the said long rotating perforated tube thatsupports the extrusion as it moves through the Fire Reduction Process.

The Fire Reduction Method in which the extrusion nozzle is driven torotate with a connecting apparatus providing a;

Different Speed to that of the said long rotating perforated tube thatsupports the extrusion as it moves through the Fire Reduction Process.

The Fire Reduction Method of claim 1 in which porting means within theextruder nozzle provides for;

Evacuation of Air entrainment within the interstices of the particles offeedstock extrusion material in passage through the nozzle

The Fire Reduction Method in which porting means within the extrudernozzle provides for the;

Injection of Gases into the extrusion material after the said evacuationport is passed by the extrusion.

The Fire Reduction Method in which porting means in the extruder nozzleprovide for the;

Injection of Liquid Chemicals or vapors into the extrusion material inpassage and after the vacuuming or evacuation port.

The Fire Reduction Method in which all of the porting means for theintroduction of extrusion, gases and chemicals are provided withmechanical seal means to permit;

Rotation of the Extrusion Nozzle Timed with the rotation of the longperforated Absorber Receiver Tube.

The Fire Reduction Method in which all porting for the introduction ofextrusion, gases and chemicals are provided with mechanical seal meansto permit;

Rotation of the Extrusion Nozzle at a Speed that Differs from that ofthe rotation of the long perforated tube.

The Fire Reduction Method in which the material of the inner saidextrusion material or liner inside the said feedstock extrusion compriseforms of silica and clays that melt and seals the feedstock tube innersurface as it interfaces the fire to form an;

Ablating Glaze-Like Protective and Encapsulating Seal that excludes airand the flame penetration into the wall of the fire-exposed inside ofthe feedstock tube.

The Fire Reduction Method in which the said Center-Fire is supported byan infusion of compressed air and oxygen while the primary fuel is anatural gas driving Ram-jet Engine apparatus at the system top to propelthe flame drive with their exhaust to pass through the Finned TubeApparatus inside the Gas Collection Chamber while joining to enter theExtruder at the bottom of the system loop where the producer's gases areused as a fuel produced in the reduction process to be;

introduced through the streamline fuel piping apparatus within the saidextruder nozzle over which the extrusion material passes and closes asdirected by the contour of the nozzle's internal shape to enclose withinthe forming tube these fuels and flame injections inside the bore centerof the formed extrusion tube as it closes after flowing past the saidstreamlined pipe.

A Fire Reduction Method in which a long Perforated Absorber ReceiverTube carries an extruded porous tubular feedstock form delivered from aplurality of extruders at the driven end so this said feedstockextrusion can serve as a heat conduit to drive gases and liquors out ofthe tube walls and through the said perforations of the enclosing saidAbsorber Receiver Tube Walls during its upward passage through theAbsorber Receiver Tube, into the annulus space between it and a largerenclosing cylindrical Gas Collection Chamber which said annulus spacemust be at least equal to twice the diameter of the said AbsorberReceiver Tube that is mounted with bearings and seals affixed in the topand bottom closures of the said Gas Collection Chamber so it freelyrotates inside this said stator-like Gas Collection Chamber as the firedriven by-products out-gas through the said perforations together withliquors, as partly influenced by the centrifugal force of the rotationimparted to the Absorber Receiver Tube throws the liquid constituentsoff to collect in the said Gas Collection Chamber's bottom whileoptionally steam fan jets can be directed in opposition to rotation ofthe said Absorber Receiver Tube to cut away the surface liquoraccumulation to free gas escape in a vortexing condition within the saidGas Collection Chamber's interior that flows around the said Absorbertube in a direction opposite to its rotation.

An Absorber Receiver Tube that follows and is attached indirectly to theExtruder Nozzle of the Fire Reduction Apparatus by the IntermediateExtension Die from the extrusion from which moves into a;

Reducing Taper Entrance to the Absorber Receiver Tube that causes theformable extrusion mass that has previously made a partial turn in theIntermediate Extension Tube as it has moved over and past the femalehelical gear die providing the raised tooth surfaces, the lands of whichnow slip along the inner face of this wider tapered opening of thefaster rotating Absorber Receiver Tube as it moves into the reducingtaper so the gear teeth tops engaging the tapered surface deform as theteeth's outer surfaces are crushed down into the body walls of theextrusion in the final production of a smooth and compacted feedstocktube form sliding against the Absorber Receiver Tube's inner wallpreparatory to fire reduction in this tube.

A Absorber Receiver Tube in which the outside diameter of the said longperforated Absorber Receiver Tube is;

Mounted on Bearing and has Rotary Seal apparatus so it is held within anenclosing Gas Collection Chamber supported on both ends but extendingbeyond the seals and bearings in the form of a;

Long Rotating Tube in a range of 50 to 100 feed and a diameter of 12 to24 inches mounted vertically or steeply angled with retention in thebearings and seals, together with a bottom thrust bearing so it can berotated at speeds ranging from 30 to 150 rpm inside the supportingstator-like enclosure or Gas Collection Chamber, with the describedtapered opening at the bottom to receive the extrusion input and a topopening that is only partially opened to a holed and tapered plug thatthe extrusion drives against to break up the carbonized by-productcoming off the top of the tube, while passing stack gas through theCenter-Fire draft hole in its center. The broken soft char drops into atray surrounding the Absorber Receiver Tube top with a plurality ofrotary bottom traps in the said tray that pass the soft-char to chutesso gases are retained inside this top enclosure as produced with steamspray cooling that produces a "water or producer's gas" suitable for usein the process as a fuel while the broken coke or soft char carbon isscooped from the tray bottom past intermittently opened traps to storageand further steam treatment for additional gas extraction inside anenclosure where these gases can be captured and drawn off by vacuummeans for compression and fuel application.

The Absorber Receiver Tube in which the center section is a long;

Large Diameter Perforated Cylinder apparatus mounted in bearing andseals between which the tube walls that are fully pattern perforated formost of its length excluding the bearing sections so that gases andliquors can exude from these said perforations when heat is applied atthe center of the enclosed and encapsulated Feedstock Extrusion Tubethrough which a high velocity Center-Fire is driven along the entirelength of this Absorber Receiver Tube in the gasification of the saidextrusion feedstock to produce a final carbonized form.

The Absorber Receiver Tube in which Absorber Receiver Tube is to beconstructed of a plurality of short end flanged thin wall machinablesections of;

Titanium Tube weld connected with external flanges or collars, thehorizontal planes of which are angled down at 30 to 45 degrees from thehorizontal (assuming the tube with a vertical center line axis) allaround the tube periphery in respect to the vertical or steeply angledplacement of the Absorber Receiver Tube axis, so extracted Liquors canflow down the outer wall and be thrown off the edges of these saidflanges by the rotation of the unit so the liquor falls to the bottom ofthe Gas Collection Chamber.

The Absorber Receiver Tube in which the;

Perforations in this apparatus will be of a small size and on closecenters in the range of 1/8 inch to 1/4 inch diameter and spaced on 1/2to 3/4 inch centers with the metal structure a thin wall hightemperature corrosion resistant type as for example Stainless Steel forthe lower temperature applications and Titanium for the higher.

The Absorber Receiver Tube in which;

Bearings and Seal Mounts in this apparatus will provide adequate meansfor support of this said Tube when driven to speeds as high at 150 rpmso there will be a significant centrifugal influence on the liquors andgas extruding from the perforations as heat-driven from the ExtrudedFeedstock Tube held against the inside walls of the Absorber ReceiverTube in close contact by the centrifugal forces of this rotation.

The Absorber Receiver Tube will have;

Injected Carbon Dioxide Gas means for Cooling Seals and Bearings toprevent damage to these components using this injected compressed CO₂ inbearing and seal spaces with ancillary apparatus to enclose and sealthese areas to most of the gas is captured and recompressed as a spenthot gas for reuse.

The Absorber Receiver Tube in which a;

Variable Speed Drive apparatus comprises a "silent chain" form used witha cold water/oil coolant directed to flow across its return length forcooling the chain links followed with means to air-knife blast theexcess coolant from the chain with means for capture and reuse in theprevention of carbon formation and prevention of heat buildup in thisdriving member.

The Absorber Receive Tube will optionally be able to employ a pluralityof;

Steam Jet Scrubber Nozzles mounted and directed to blow a plurality ofthin wide lines of steam at saturated temperature across the two sidesof the outer wall face of the absorber Receiver Tube and in a directionopposed to its rotation so these jets can cut away the accumulating gasand liquors exuding from the passing perforations while at once reducingthe perforation wall temperature several degrees below that of theheated feedstock on its opposite side to aid in attracting the heat tothe outer surface

The Absorber Receiver Tube shall have a;

Temperature Difference Serving as Attraction apparatus for the hot gasesmigrating out of the feedstock in that generally heat moves to cold andhere the Steam Jet Scrubbers maintain a cooler perforated outer wall toattract the hot gases and liquors of the higher temperature extrusioninterfacing that wall.

The Absorber Receiver Tube produces a;

Carbon By-Product or soft-char that is expelled at the top of theprocess into a Gas Collection Chamber with an enclosed feed hopperapparatus that delivers this material;

to a cylindrical drum-like trap/seal that in rotation shovels materialinto another section fed by a 90-degree opening in the drum that;

closes as the shovel side opens to the hopper space as it rotates;

and simultaneously opens on its opposite side to a second gas-sealedenclosed space where the contents are blown out of the shovel side ofthe drum with a steam blast causing it to fall down chutes to storageand further producer's gas extraction followed by repetition of the sameaction.

A Fire Reduction Process that produces and delivers a;

Soft Char or Coke product exhibiting certain Btu features that is brokenoff the extrusion tube by-product carbon in specific sizes as it arrivesat the top end of the Absorber Receiver Tube where an enclosed Gascollection Chamber equipped steam jets provides preliminary cooling andwith the rotary scooping arrangement of claim 25 it ejects to thestorage chute;

where final Steam-Cooling for production of volumes of water gasrecovery is conducted with a pressure blower circuit delivering gas fromthe storage Gas Collection Chamber to a tank where it is compressed andused for part of the process fuel

A Fire Reduction Process in which the steam cooled water-gas productionof this;

Gas/Fuel By-Product is driven downward by its own pressure into acondenser and injector apparatus comprising a long cooling coilenclosing a holed tube closed at its bottom end;

into which the said production gas passes to move through this pluralityof holes in the sides of this said closed-end pipe apparatus whichcauses the gas to directly impinge against the cold coils surroundingthese perforations so the water content condenses on the coils and dripsto the bottom for recovery and use for the production of new steam asthe water freed gas is drawn off and into the fire-center by venturivacuum;

created by passage through this venturi apparatus of the high velocityCenter-Fire driven from the Ramjet Engines at the top of the processor.

The Gases and Liquors that exude to an atmosphere excluded GasCollection Chamber through perforations in the Absorber Receiver Tubemove into the surrounding space inside a large cylindrical formapparatus that supports and encloses the said Tube, providing an annulusspace between the said Tube and the said enclosing Gas CollectionChamber wall equal to at least twice the diameter of the said rotatingTube as the heat of the Center-Fire inside the Feedstock Extrusion Tube"out-gases", through the perforations of the Absorber Receiver Tube,partly influenced by the centrifugal force of the rotation and thecooler surface of the outer diameter of the Absorber Receiver Tubeversus that of the Feedstock Extrusion Tube Interface on the inside wallas heated by the Center-Fire in its bore.

A Regenerated Center-Fire Loop is driven by Ram-jet exhaust to traveldownward in the Finned Fire Tubes that are mounted inside the AtmosphereExcluded Gas Collection Chamber and then upward in the bore of theExtruded Feedstock tube that functions as a conduit to pass this flameand heat through a plurality of;

Ram-jet Engine Systems at the system top that pulse-drive the heat andflame with the exhaust from their controlled explosions at the thisprocess top ignition point to pressurize the downward drive require tomove the flame through the plurality of;

Finned Tubes that stand in the internal space of the Gas CollectionChamber as radiation heating means for the gases and liquors collectedin the said Gas Collection Chamber by this flame passage inside theseheating downcomers that join at the tower bottom inside the extruder tocombine their flow through the streamlined piping, over which theextrusion passes, so the said heat and flame can be introduced insidethe said extruded tube's open center that as noted above becomes theconduit for the upward travel of this Center-Fire of the flame;

immediately after the tube walls close as the extrusion formation ifcompleted and the extruder nozzle is receiving a new injection ofcompressed water gas fuel as collected from the process above laced withnatural gas and followed in turn by;

Intermittent Injection of Oxygen into the flame's passage atprogressively higher levels as the flame travel moves upward in andaround the spool checker assembly Fire Brick Radiator that has many

large holes, 11/2" to 2" diameter, in a;

Long Cylindrical Holed Fire Brick Radiator that hangs in the center ofthe moving extruded tube over and through which this Center-Fire Flameis driven upward to reenter the Ram-jet drive units at the process topto;

Complete the Center-Fire Loop Cycle;

in which the Regenerated Center-Fire Loop has;

Fuel Injection apparatus at the Extruder Nozzle occurring at portsproviding egress to Streamline Piping over which the extrusion passes toreclose so these said pipes can serve as the conduit for this flowingflame and heat that is reenergized at this point with an injection ofthe process' produced Water Gas as a fuel.

A Regenerated Fire-Flame Loop in which the;

A Plurality of Piping Bends provide a series of closed looping pathsthat on the downward path pass through Finned Radiator Tubes to heat theGas Collection Chamber and on the upward trip join to pass through theExtruded Feedstock Center making a looping circuit that converge at thetower bottom in the Extrusion Nozzle after the flame is driven there bythe natural gas fired Ram-jet Engine's explosive burst originating whereit is mounted at the top of the system.

The Regenerated Center-Fire Loop is served by;

Natural Gas Fueled Ram-jet Engine apparatus Driving Hot Exhaust Burstsas means to deliver the Flame and Heat in the Fire Loop of this systemthrough the circuit.

A Regenerated Fire-Flame Loop in which the;

Flame Down Delivery Path Moves in Finned Heat Exchanger Tube apparatusto provide the heat for the gas space inside the Gas Collection Chamber.

A Regenerated Fire-Flame Loop in which a;

Holed Spool-Checker Fire Brick Cylindrical Form Radiator apparatus oflong dimension hangs in close proximity to the passing extrusion tube'sinner wall surface so heat transfers from this radiator's surface to theextrusion feedstock wall directly.

A Regenerated Fire-Flame Loop in which;

Oxygen Injection inside the Fire Brick Radiator occurs at closely spacedintervals along the vertical length of this hanger apparatus so thepassing flame is intensified as these oxygen bursts are injected from acentered Titanium metal tube, that also serves as the support hanger andmanifold to increase the flame heat and intensity.

A Fire Reduction Method in which a;

Sealed Stationary Cylindrical-Tower Gas Collection Chamber apparatus isevacuated of air as the process begins thereafter to be pressurized bythe hot expanding gases expelled from the;

Totally Enclosed Absorber Receiver Tube that holds a moving tubularfeedstock extrusion;

that moves past a fully perforated major mid-portion of the saidAbsorber Receiver Tube apparatus to exude gases and liquors;

as driven by the heat of the;

Center-Fire Flame moving inside the extrusion at a velocity exceedingthat of the extrusion's flow so the heat drives these extractions out asthe tube wall shrinks and full carbonization occurs to squeeze the gasand liquors;

through the said perforations of the said Absorber Receiver Tube out tothe space inside the Gas Collection Camber where;

Finned Tube Return Lines of the Center-Fire occupy a portion of thisspace as the primary means for heating of the extracted gasesaccumulating in the annulus area, the width of which between the saidTube wall and said Gas Collection Chamber wall shall not exceed twicethe diameter of the Absorber Receiver Tube in the accommodation of the;

Gas Pressurizing and Expansion in the Gas Collection Chamber to amoderate level of six atmospheres or less maintained as a constant sothe outward movement of gas and liquors through the perforations of theAbsorber Receiver Tube will not be inhibited by excessive externalpressure, notwithstanding holding the temperature at the highestpossible level while;

Vortexing of the Hot Gas is done using a minimum saturated steam volumeto drive;

Fan Shaped Steam Knife Jets cutting across the face of the perforationsof the Absorber Receiver Tube to shear away the exuded gases and liquorsat two or more horizontal positions and a plurality of vertical levelsso all perforations are covered to create a whirling vortex of hot gasturning around the said Tube as the liquors are blown off by thisapparatus to accumulate on the said Gas Collection Chamber's outer wallor spin off the flanges of the revolving said tube to eventually flowthrough vacuum/atmosphere traps to downcomers and outside storage forother processes or return to the said Gas Collection Chamber forreprocessing as a;

Liquor is Returned From Scrubbers to Spray from injector apparatus intothe Gas Collection Chamber for revaporizing these for addition to thegas mass and reduction of liquor volume, while also helping to maintainthe temperature control in the Gas Collection Chamber space, with thecooling they provide with their spray injection into the gas cloud;

after which the reaccumulated liquors in the Gas Collection Chamberbottom and flow back to the Liquor Processor to be relieved of tars andaccumulated as highly viscous Ammonia Liquor with emphasis on thedifferences in this method over convention processes in the productionof the common extractions from fire reduction of coal while the;

Gas Chemical Constituents accumulated in the Gas Collection Chamber areexpelled in to a main duct to other treatment or are taken off theChamber at different levels using Raw Gas Receivers mounted around thewalls of the Chamber in a pipe organ fashion.

The Gas Collection Chambe enclosing a;

Revolving Perforated Absorber Receiver Tube apparatus from which gasesand liquors vent to be captured within this said Gas Collection that is;

equipped with gas exhaust porting means at different levels of itsheight so;

Gases Exhaust to a Plurality of Raw Gas Receivers as fractions fromthese different Gas Collection Chamber levels are delivered into thesesaid Receiver apparatus because they are 100° to 200° lower intemperature and have one atmosphere less pressure so they readilyreceive the higher pressure exhaust flows when valves are opened to anindividual said Receiver and which valve opening also provide a;

Time Pulse Interval as gas is expelled from the Gas Collection Chamberat different height levels from individual valves in the group as theyare opened separately and progressively to extract gas from differentstrata at specifically timed intervals determined by a control apparatusthat releases gas in amounts proportional to the maintenance of auniform pressure range in the Gas Collection Chamber while non-releaseintervals are increased or decreased relative to temperature change thuspermitting the re-establishment of pressure versus the said GasCollection Chamber's internal heat before the next exhausting of gasfrom the same level in the creation of a uniform cycle of pulses derivedfrom this "one-at-a-time" valve opening procedure.

A Gas Collection Chamber enclosing a;

Revolving Perforated Absorber Receiver Tube from which gases and liquorsvent partially due to the;

Lower Temperature Attraction of the outer surface of the said perforatedlong tube which occurs naturally;

as it is carrying the very hot feedstock inside while the outer wallsurface is exposed to an open area of circulating gases of at lowertemperature.

to cause it to be 300° to 400° cooler than the 2,200° to 2,800° F.temperature at the fire center in the very high temperature processes.

A Gas Collection Chamber enclosing a;

Revolving Perforated Absorber Receiver Tube from which gases and liquorsvent partially due to the;

Lower Temperature Attraction of the outer surface of the said perforatedlong tube which occurs when;

as it is carrying the very hot feedstock inside, the outer wall surfaceis exposed to an open area of circulating gases of at lower temperatureand in addition the said outer surface is cooled with steam fan jetsprays that sweep its surface;

to cause it to be 500° to 600° F. cooler than the 1,800° to 2,200° F.temperature at the fire center in the medium temperature processes.

A Gas Collection Chamber enclosing a revolving perforated AbsorberReceiver Tube from which gases and liquids are expelled as it rotates onend support bearings and sealing apparatus that make possible rotationat speeds as high as 150 to 250 RPM which said

Rotation is Counter to the Movement of Gases within the Gas CollectionChamber that are being driven around and over the center perforatedtube's surface of the Absorber Receiver in an opposing scrubbing actionproduced with the Fan Jet Steam action.

A Gas Collection Chamber enclosing a revolving perorated AbsorberReceiver Tube from which a great variety of gases vent;

and mix moderately in spite of their resistance to this with the resultthat a product comprising;

A Rough Molecular Horizontal Strata of Gas Variation Occurs in the formof level fractionating within the space of this Gas Collection Chamber;

as heavier molecules are attracted to lower cooler surfaces and lighterto higher hot surfaces;

the Raw Gas Receivers modulate exhausting interval timing to compensatefor heat induced pressure and temperatures within the chamber while;

Controlling the Gas Pressure at a uniform level in this Gas CollectionSpace.

A Gas Collection Chamber enclosing a revolving perforated AbsorberReceiver Tube from which liquors vent;

to be accumulated outside this main expansion Gas Collection Chamber inancillary apparatus;

with means for the separation of solids so the said liquor thus treatedis;

Returned to The Gas Collection Chamber as a Mist Spray that bursts intogas itself as it is sprayed into the hot gases at the top of the saidmain Gas Collection Chamber as a procedure for minimizing the productionof ammonia liquors.

A Gas Collection Chamber in which;

Finned Fire Return Tubes comprise plurality of long pipe apparatus formsthat carry the flame transit are hung vertically in the said enclosingGas Collection Chamber's space and have a plurality of;

Angularly Placed Plates welded to encompass their outer surfaces;

to provide large hot plane areas set 10° to 30° off the perpendiculartube axis and with a vertical spacing of one to four feet.

which said plates radiate heat at super-heated levels to the gasessweeping past while they also serve as a slight "air flow" vane controlof the gas movement in an upward direction from the bottom of the saidGas Collection Chamber to the top.

A Gas Collection Chamber in which a Dual Extruder Nozzle delivers a dualextrusion feedstock into a long rotating perforated tube with anintense;

Ramjet-Driven Circulating Center-Fire that circulates in a loopconducted through the feedstock extrusion center bore and fractionallybypassed as a draft provision in a stack vent at the process top, wherethis very hot gas flows over;

Flash-Steam Coil Heat Exchanger for Steam Generation and the cooling ofthis super-heated gas that is carried beyond this function;

to flow upward through a scrubber tower apparatus that employs theminimum viscosity liquors generated in the high temperature system asthe cascading cleaning fluid dripped over baffles and through the gas asit rises against this flow with removal of particulate matter afterwhich the cooled and roughly cleaned stack gas is;

meter reintroduced into the bottom of the Gas Collection Chamber to aidin said Gas Collection Chamber temperature control as it is reprocessingthe gas cloud bulk extraction from the Absorber Receiver Tubesperforations.

A Gas Collection Chamber in which a stationary extruder delivers a dualextrusion feedstock into a long rotating perforated tube with a RamjetEngine apparatus driving the circulating Center-Fire;

with the said rotating perforated tube enclosed within an a GasCollection Chamber;

operated at very high temperatures for maximum conversion of feedstockmaterial to gases;

without the additions of steam or liquors;

in which the gas is circulated within the said Gas Collection Chamberwith very high heat application from

the Finned Flame Loop Return Tubes of the Center-Fire heat drive meanswith the said;

Gases Vortex Driven by High Speed Rotation of the Absorber ReceiverTube, the resistance of the Stationary Finned Tubes to gas flow frictionmovement against the Absorber Receiver Tube and the augmentation of theheat rising circulation adding to this overall turbulance with the gasfinally,

Exhausted Through a Single Top-Side Port as a controlled flow,proportional to temperature and pressure stabilization in the said GasCollection Chamber.

A plurality of Raw Gas Receivers are used as the method for meteredexpelling of gas from the Gas Collection Chamber for control oftemperature and pressure in this said Gas Collection Chamber, which saidReceiver has the form of a cylindrical vessel approximately 8 inches indiameter and four feet long, wrapped with cooling coils around the outerperiphery and or heat dissipating fins with a valved port that is one ofa plurality of like sets mounted at different height levels around theperipheral walls of the said Gas Collection Chamber, each remotelycontrolled by compressed air so these said Raw Gas Receivers collect gasthrough;

Tubes Extensions mounted on the inside of the walls of the GasCollection Chamber and extend inwardly from the valved port of the RawGas Receiver mounted on the outside of the wall and which said TubeExtension reach for enough across the annulus space between the AbsorberReceiver Tube and the Collection Gas Collection Chamber Wall;

so the openings at the Tube Extension end within 8 to 12 inches of thesaid revolving perforated Absorber Receiver Tube's perforated surfaceto;

avoid the Liquors and Tars that are closer to, or on the outer wall of,the Gas Collection Chamber as heavy vapors, or actual liquids.

A plurality of Raw Gas Receivers are used as the method for meteredexpelling of gas from the Gas Collection Chamber for control oftemperature and pressure in this said Gas Collection Chamber, which saidReceiver has the form of a cylindrical vessel approximately 8 to 10inches in diameter and 4 feet long, wrapped with cooling coils aroundthe outer periphery with mounting on a valved port that is one of aplurality set with others at different height levels around theperipheral walls of the said Gas Collection Chamber, each of which isremotely controlled by compressed air so these said Receivers can bearranged in a pipe organ fashion so each has a minimum of interferenceone with another in the outside wall mountings so piping can beminimized to conserve free energy and on the extremity of each TubeExtension a:

Cupped or Concave Shaped Part is mounted so its concave face is towardthe down-stream in the gas flow to create an eddy current stall or dwelltime at the said Tube Extension's open end so the gases can more readilybe drawn into the Raw Gas Receiver when its port valve is opened as;

The Lower Temperatures and Pressures maintained in this Raw Gas Receivervessel versus that of the Gas Collection Chamber's Space tend to aid inthe transfer of gas bursts that exhaust to the Ball Gas Cleaning meansthat follows.

The Raw Gas Receiver Cup Collection Device method comprising a 4 inch to6 inch diameter cup form apparatus that is fitted in a side offsetposition and welded to the end of a 4 inch to 6 inch diameter extensiontube opening in which the cup form is concave on one side and convex theother with a uniform curvature having a center depth of approximately11/2 inches below the peripheral edges on the concave size with themounting to providing a plane parallel with the axis of the tubecenterline so the concave face aligns with the upstream edge of the tubeopening so that a gas eddy developed at this face plane occurs directlyat the open tube end.

Liquors Derived from the Gas Collection Chamber of Processes I, II andIII are pumped from the mains into a system of piping, tanks and towersserved with a plurality of conventional liquor decanter means used todrop the tars from the liquor so the liquor can be used for variouschemical applications. In these processes the purpose is different. Herethe liquor returned to the Gas Collection Chamber for gasification or isused as a flushing fluid for;

The Stack Gas that is passed upward in a scrubber moves against acascade of falling tar-free flushing liquor that flows over baffles towash the said stack gas free of particulate so it can be returned to thebottom of the Gas Collection Chamber while other flushing liquors are;

Spray Injected into the Top of the Gas Collection Chamber in Process IIto convert to a;

Hot Vaporized Gas added to gases directly extracted from the AbsorberReceiver Tube perforations while at once serving to help in the controlof temperature in the Gas Collection Chamber with the addition of thiscooler fluid added to the hot gas content. This new gas becomes a partof a total gas cloud that is then subjected to fractioning and roughdivision with the Raw Gas Receivers after which it is cooled to a 600°F. temperature, compressed and tanked while;

Liquor as derived from the Gas Collection Chamber in;

Process III is pumped as in Processes I and II from the mains andcross-overs into a system of piping, tanks and towers that provide asystem that does not require gas fractioning because the whole gas bodyvolume in Processing III is directed into the Hollow Ball Cleaningprocedure immediately out of the Gas Collection Chamber to be followedby ionization with exposure to the Renewable Cathode and then variousmolecular weight division procedures of Parabola Collimation,Cyclotronic Magnetic Field Treatment, Sub-Sonic Shock Steam Reformingand finally Cryogenic Liquefication all while maintaining a temperaturein excess of 1,500° F. all of which steps are a part of this integratedprocess in which;

Minimizing Liquors is the emphasis with use of highest possibletemperatures short of gas destruction in the said Gas Collection Chamberso that with this heat most of the fluids are gasified so little remainsdiverted to:

Tar Removal by Decanting and Liquor Intensification so the cleanedliquor can be used for the above described spray injection at the top ofthe Gas Collection Chamber to convert this light ammonia liquor to a;

Gas Vapor that is combined with the other gases leaving only a minorliquor volume is decanted with the rest and returned to the Liquorhandling equipment as a more dense liquid the;

Viscosity or Specific Gravity Metering of which is used to control thefinal expelling of these recirculated liquors from this ancillaryAmmonia Liquor Process so the maximum viscous state is achieved beforeit is diverted to;

Ancillary Procedures for secondary recovery of light tars as is commonto the art followed with;

Crude Tar Distillation at 250° C. or "topping";

Tar Acids with Carbon Dioxide and Gravity Settling following causticsolution treatment to extract chemical oils, division of the aqueouslayer from the dephenolized oil, phenol recovery from the aqueous layerwith the CO₂ injection and gravity settling, after which the crudePhenols are fractionated to obtain Phenol Dresols and Xylenols;

Tar Bases producing Carbolic Acids to extract Lutidines;

Solvent Naptha Separation Friedel-Craft Catalyst;

Naphthalene produced by distillation and crystallization withfractionating;

Topped Tar residue from the Crude Tar Distallation;

Creosote with distillation of Topped Tar and;

Pitch that derives from the tank bottom of creosote distillation;

(All of which Liquor Processing can be largely circumvented with use ofthe Processes III of this Invention in which Gasification is Maximizedand gas divisions are reconstituted with Sub-Sonic Shock SteamReforming, Unstable Catalyst Reaction means or Cryogenic Liquefication.)

A Dry-Cleaning Ball System for the gas produced in these processes is anessential step in clearing the hot gases of particulate without chemicalcontamination and comprises in combination a large plurality of hightemperature resistant and non-corrosive;

Hollow Metal Spheres which have many;

Round Openings in the walls leaving a volume inside the ball that isgreat enough to serve as a particulate trap as gases pass around andthrough these balls while they are they are moved downward in acontainment tank with a hopper-like bottom and access porting for bottomegress and top exiting of high pressure hot gases received directly fromthe Raw Gas Receivers of Processes I & II or from the Gas CollectionChamber of the high temperature of Process III;

which gas as it passes through this cleaning tank is also forced to passthrough the holes of the spheres as they are moved through closed looppiping into the top and out the bottom of the said media containmenttank in opposition to the hot gas flow so the;

Cleaner Balls are Always at the Top With the Clean Existing Gas;

which said balls are carried up by means that cause them to fall down inrecirculation through the space in a second tank and between open railsin a guided vertical single-file path past a;

Saw-Tooth Series of "Air-Knife" Orifices through which high pressure CO₂is driven against the ball-spheres;

while they are held and rolled by this blast that cools them, rechargesthem electrostatically and removes the entrapped particulate from theirouter and inner surfaces;

for collection and compression in briquettes from which the entrappedCO₂ is exhausted and cleaned with electrostatic means and recompressedfor reuse.

The gas cleaning system in which a;

Ball Size of 5/8 inch to 1 inch would be the diameter of the balls ofthis cleaning means and that the;

Ball Hole Size would be small enough in relation to ball diameter thatit does not create a significant flatness at its location on the ballwhich occurs when the hole is large in respect to the curvature of theball face.

The gas cleaning system in which;

the Number of Holes in the Ball will permit visual inspection throughone hole and another in a direction across the ball's diameter and thethin wall high temperature resistant material of the;

Ball with its Size and Hole Pattern permits Gas Passage when stacked ina conical vessel so gases driven through from the bottom to the top canbe relieved of their particulate carbon with attraction of theparticulate to the inner and outer surfaces of the balls.

The gas cleaning system in which;

The Hollow Balls Will be Circulated with a shaped tooth gear-likesprocket driving means to move in closed tubing from their cleaningfunction into the top of a conical container vessel to settle slowly asthe raw gas is blown upward at low velocity, after which the balls dropinto a driving means to be moved upward in a conveying tube so they canfall again through the Air Knife CO₂ cleaning apparatus to complete thecircuit.

The gas cleaning system in which thin wall high temperature resistantmetal consisting of;

Copper Plated Stainless Steel Balls are stacked in a conical vessel sogases driven through from the bottom to the top can be relieved of theirparticulate carbon with attraction to a copper plated inner and outersurface of the balls which are plated in half sections and copper brazeassembled at the edges.

The gas cleaning system in which thin wall high temperature resistant;

Titanium Balls when stacked in a conical vessel so gases can be driventhrough from the bottom to the top relieving the gas of theirparticulate carbon with attraction to the inner and outer surfaces ofthe balls that are welded in half section assembly by Radio Frequencyapparatus or other welding means.

The gas cleaning system which;

Cleaning with Air Knife using CO₂ Gas is the means for cleaning theballs of this gas cleaning process as the balls pass in single file onan open track so the particulate can be blown off to collect in anadjoining vessel where the particulate accumulation employs conventionalmeans to compress and briquette this material for use as a carbon afterfurther refinement.

A method of ionization in which a great volume of electrons at highvoltage are generated by the use of a large renewable cathode comprisinguse of;

a small diameter aluminum wire prepared with intermittently coatedfinite plated layers of;

Zirconium in short plated spots along the wire serve as "getters" toinhibit water accumulation and are exposed to the gas as the wire isloosely drawn across a;

Cone Drum Form facing the hot gases that impinge axially over a wirecathode drawn across this cone face to;

Ionize the Gas Cloud in passage prior to subsequent treatment as thesaid wire;

Renews Itself with the winding across the cone face as fed to and drawnaway by a winding mechanism drive housed inside a;

Carbon Dioxide Cooled Gas Collection Chamber pressured to equal that ofthe surrounding gas passage enclosing conduit inside which this wholeassembly is mounted to the

the said cathode wire passes through a slip fit with minimal leakage ina;

Button Die Seal of carbide with a close tolerance bore suited to thewire's outside diameter so the leakage that does occur, due to slightpressure variations between said internal pressurized carbon dioxide andthe said passing gas, can be minimized.

An optional Thermal Diffusion method for gas division that can beadapted to the Raw Gas Receivers so that two molecular mass weights,light and heavy, can be derived in the process in which a combinationmeans receive hot gas in a;

Raw Gas Receiver with Air Cooled Walls from the Fire Reduction Processorand main Gas Collection Chamber space in which;

Hot Walls Surround and Contain a Cold Vessel in which the cold vesselwalls are positioned an equal distance on all sides from the outer hotwalls;

which cold walls attract the heavy molecules of gas to an adjacentexiting opening that receives these larger molecules so they can beexpelled;

while the lighter are attracted to the hot outer walls of the GasCollection Chamber and rise toward a second exiting port.

A Collimation Method for gas molecular weight/mass division meanscomprising a;

Parabola Deflector set in an evacuated Gas Collection Chamber in whichan inverted perforated cone's point is directed at the parabolareflector's concave center which is rotating at high speeds on an axiswith its center-line the same as that of the gas entry piping where;

The "Focus" Point is at the center of an opening through which said hot,clean and ionized gases flow at a constant speed to pass through;

The Cone Perforations and strike the;

Parabola Surface to bounce in an opposite directional path as the saidrotation turns the said gas mass inside the Gas Collection Chamber as;

Collisions With the Gas Molecules just entering occur at theperforations of the cone sieve while the molecules of the first grouphave uninterrupted paths directed to the unperforated portions of thecone face;

Rebounding into a Horizontal Plane to strike the unperforated surfacesof the cone that present a 45° angle to the gas flow of molecules tothen;

Rebound Again to strike the wide portion of the parabola, the face ofwhich is divided into a series of

Horizontal Slit Collimation Openings that open to;

Thin Rectangular Divided Horizontal Divisions in a wave-guide likerectangular tube that can carry these divided molecular contents of thesaid individual gas masses to the following treatment in a:

A Cyclotronic/Magnetic Field System in which the said gases as dividedinto in the Parabola System is in:

the Horizontal Planar Sections is introduced at the peripheral edge ofa;

Uniform Magnetic Field in a Cyclotron Like Apparatus with use of anozzle form of the said rectangular tube of claim 59 so the molecules ofgas released at this point;

Enter the Magnetic Field in Horizontal Planes of Gross Mass Division asdelivered wave-guide-like tube divisions of gas directed into the fieldedge, with an H measurement of 1,000 to 5,000 gauss with force linesperpendicular to the gas direction;

causing the gas molecular content to make a circular turn inside themagnetic field with the radius proportional to H and gas velocity so theturn curvature is function of the mass weight of the individualmolecules and their velocity in crossing this field which defines thepoint of their impact or;

Fall-Out Into Thirty-Eight Possible Vertical Slots divisions that arethe height of the space between the pole pieces of the magnet and are0.040" wide openings divided by sharp edges partitions in this circularwall surrounding all of the magnetic field except the space required forthe gas input tube itself so this slotted barrier affords means to;

Divide the Molecules of Gas into Spectral Groups; while a valvingmanifold provides means at the peripheral end of these said dividingopenings as the apparatus for;

Accumulating the Spectral Mass Groupings of each Gas, that in someinstances will create a broad spectrum encompassing many slot divisionswhile others will include only;

One or Two Spectral Sections which is provided for with a valveplurality around the circular manifold that provides two valves on eachside of a slot valve so these can be used to meter;

Isolate or Accumulate Valve Groups and deliver pipette divisions ofindividual gases to recombination means.

A Free-Piston Compressor Method for impacting an Increment of IsolatedGas with a

Violent Shock Impact imparting high pressure and temperatures applied as

Rapid Pulses created by a;

Large Free Piston of Friction-Free Design that moves against;

Zero Pressure in a cylinder to strike a;

Stationary Ram/Piston Combination at the Free-Piston's stroke end todrive that arresting assembly against the said;

Isolated Gas Increment simultaneously with the drive of;

Another Opposed Like said Piston/Ram Combination also impacted by a likesaid;

Free Piston both of which are moved in synchronization with rapidstrokes by;

Combustion of Gases or;

High Temperature and Pressure Steam Expansion at their opposite endscontrolled in position and speed of ignition, steam input and exhaustby;

Direct Viewing Optical Means with porting through;

Jacketed Cylinder Walls, the internal space of which is used as boilersemploying;

Attemperation Mist Input for Flash Steam Generation within this space asa means for temperature control with delivery of the steam generated toa;

Catalytic Reaction Tower Standing on a Hexagonal Center Block to which aplurality of piston/cylinder free piston units connect to drive shockgas pulses, heat and pressure directly into the Reactor with use ofthis:

Close Coupled Design that also delivers heat as generated in the steamused for control of temperature in the Free Piston Compressor to reducefree energy loss in the entire system.

The process in which The preferred apparatus form comprises;

Opposed Cylinder/Piston Pairs Axially Aligned with a common but isolated

Center Compression Space against the space of which the;

Pistons are Propelled by a Hydrocarbon Fuel Combustion or;

Producer's Gas Combustion or;

High Pressure Steam Expansion employed for this driving force in a;

Multiple Compression Form in which the piston/cylinder geometryoptionally can have a;

Plurality of Diameters, in which the piston diameter can be 10 to 20times that of the Ram/Piston that it impacts with a proportional andconsequent increase in force applied against this:

Ram/Piston Assembly that functions as a plurality of short pistoncomponents that partly telescope together with a tapered end on a valvetype sealing rod pat that passes through these to seat on one end as itcloses against a ball within the driving piston on its opposite end thatalso seats on a seal to provide the required short arresting forceneeded to stop the piston's drive as it impacts these and causes thesaid Ram/Pistons to close against one another and against the gas of theisolated space to totally eliminate the space of this area and providethe maximum compression force to Shock Drive the isolated gas componentover a progressive relief valve to the Reactor above.

The process in which The preferred apparatus form comprises:

Opposed Cylinder/Piston Pairs Axially Aligned with a common butisolated;

Center Compression Space with the;

Pistons Propelled by a Hydrocarbon Fuel Combustion that in the;

Preferred form of this Invention has inside the piston an;

Enclosed Trapped Ball Approximately 1/3 the Piston Diameter performingnot unlike the piston itself as it moves almost the length of the pistonin either direction against a seating sealing surface inside each pistonend as the;

Piston Moves Against Zero Pressure to strike the Ram/Piston Assemblywith unimpeded velocity as the;

Piston's Internal Ball Partially Absorbs Shock as a shock absorbingPiston Rod end telescopes inside the hollow piston, pushing the PistonBall back against the piston's driving pressure that is inside thepiston and against the ball as well as outside, which action moves theball off the piston's impact end seat and seal to move against thisdrive pressure and finally close against the opposite end and seat whichcreates a vacuum behind the ball to provide part of the forcecontributing to the piston's return stroke while the;

Piston's Holed End seals around the Piston Rod which at one end hasdriven the ball to its seat as described while its opposite end tapercloses and seals inside the leading Ram/Piston that interfaces theIsolated Gas Increment as a center opening in the piston rod that isconnected to cross-holes in its mid-portion equalize pressure betweenrams to cushion the shock further as the leading Ram-Piston andfollowing assembly fully close the space to shock compress the IsolatedGas Increment with amplification of the force of the combustion, steamor explosive charge as the piston and piston rod assembly of theopposing unit functions in a like manner simultaneously;

The gas as collected in the Isolated Gas Increment Chamber is drivenover the progressive relief valves and into the Reactor with amultiplication of force that is dependent upon the size variations inthe pistons that can provide a ratio of compression in ratios of 10 to100 times.

The process in which The preferred apparatus form comprises;

Opposed Cylinder/Piston Pairs Axially Aligned with a common:

Isolate Gas Compression Space and with;

High Pressure Steam Expansion employed for the driving force in the;

Preferred Apparatus Form in which the piston;

Encloses a Trapped Ball Approximately 1/3 its Diameter and is not unlikea piston itself as it moves almost the length of the piston in eitherdirection against seating and sealing surfaces at either piston end asthe;

Piston Moves Against Zero Pressure to strike a Ram/Piston Assembly withunimpeded velocity as the;

Internal Ball serves as A Partial Shock Absorber as it is first driventoward the ram by the driving force and pressure that holds it againstits seat and seals, until it impacts the back end the Piston Rod thatpushes the ball backward against the drive pressure after the ramtelescopes into the;

Holes Piston End as it is driven over or against the small diameterRam/Piston Assembly to amplify the force of the combustion, steam orexplosive charge as it closes against the Isolated Gas Increment in the

that is disposed at the center of a Hexagonal Pressure Block thatservices six piston/cylinder units;

Working Simultaneously to compress the gas this plurality of smallerRam/Piston ends shaped to fit one with another for full closure of theIsolated Gas Increment chamber in the multiple and simultaneousapplication of force with dependence upon the size variations in theseelements to provide a ratio of compression ranging from 10 to 100 timesand multiplied again by the number of pistons in this radialconfiguration limited only by size, radial diameter and the stacking ofanother plurality of piston/cylinder units with on a common HexagonalPressure Block axis;

The process in which the preferred apparatus form comprises;

Opposed Cylinder/Piston Pairs Axially Aligned with a common;

Isolate Gas Compression Space and with;

High Pressure Steam Expansion employed for the driving force in the;

Preferred Apparatus Form in which the piston;

Encloses a Trapped Ball Approximately 1/3 its Diameter and is not unlikea piston itself as it moves almost the length of the piston in eitherdirection against seating and sealing surfaces at either piston end asthe;

Piston Moves Against Zero Pressure to strike a Ram/Piston Assembly withunimpeded velocity as the;

Internal Ball Serves as A Partial Shock Absorber as it is first driventoward the ram by the driving force and pressure that holds it againstits seat and seals, until it impacts the back end the Piston Rod thatpushes the ball backward against the drive pressure after the ramtelescopes into the;

Holed Piston End as it is driven over or against the small diameterRam/Piston Assembly to amplify the force of the combustion, steam orexplosive charge as it closes against the Isolated Gas Increment in the

that is disposed at the center of a Hexagonal Pressure Block thatservices six piston/cylinder units;

Each Working Independently of the others to close six space divisions sothe said smaller Ram/Piston's close three partitioned sectionscontaining three separate Isolated Gas Increments in this multipleapplication of force with dependence upon the size variations in thesepistons that can provide a ration of compression increase with multipleof 10 to 100 times to impact the separated Isolated Gas Increments withdelivery to one or three separate Reactors.

The process used as a means for compressing and compacting gases inassociation with a catalyst supporting Reaction Column in which anUnstable State Reaction function is conducted as opposed to the normalsteady state conditions in a Reactor in which heat is consumed by thereaction in amounts equal to the heat removed or added and in whichtemperature and pressure remain constant at one point or position in thereactor;

In which the Equilibrium reactions are increased by the rate of reversereaction using the following example;

    A+B<>C

The forward reaction, A+B>C is the desired reaction and the rate istypically dependent upon the concentration of either one or both of Aand B.

In which the reverse reaction, C>A+B is undesirable and the rate dependson the concentration of C.

In which the formation of the desired product, C can be maximized if itcan be removed from the reactor as it is formed, or if the reactorconditions are changed to favor production of C during the course of thereaction using means to achieve these conditions as a method ofoscillatory reactor operating under non-steady state condition may isutilized.

The Sub-Sonic Shock Gas Compression Apparatus driving hot pressurizedgas into a reactor to achieve oscillations.

Using the rising and falling pressure that will occur in reaction topiston motion and position to achieve forward and reverse oscillationsand the;

reverse reaction as typically under low pressure and the forwardreaction under high pressure to create;

a maximum tolerable interval of pressure in the forward reaction toproduce C with a set pressure opening the reactor effluent valve toexpel the reacted reactant from the reactor as passes from the influenceof the catalyst after which

closure of the said reactor effluent valve causes pressure in thereactor to drops and remain at a low pressure level during the pistonretraction interval which is directly related to the compression cycletiming, which said effluent valve closure;

and pressure drop in the reactor during the piston retraction intervalat which time fresh reactants, A and B are injected into the emptyreactor as simultaneously the high pressure expelled;

product, C is in a liquid phase and not effected by the reactionkinetics so a maximum formation of C is conducted condensation means toremove C from A and B after which the unreacted A and B can be recycledto the reactor inlet.

In the recombination processes, various functions are performed as wellas simply mixing the gases extracted and in each a common feature is astationary extruder nozzle that receives material from a single extruderis employed to;

Push-Deliver a Single Uncompressed Tube Form of Inert Media, comprisingshaped particles or spheres;

Into an Annulus Between a Long Rotating Top-End-Perforated Tube with aplurality of;

Convex Internal-Surface Forms on its Inside Wall that oppose thestationary outer wall surface of a;

Corrugated Tube, the convolution of the said corrugated sectionsessentially matching the convex form profile of the opposite part, thusserving, when the corrugated member is telescoped inside the convexform;

As a Churning or Mixing Means for the media pushed through the annulusspace between them and beyond;

In a Looping Circuit with the media return path through cleaning meansbefore reentrance to;

Exposure to a Circulating Coolant Gas or Liquid that has passed througha streamlined pipe in the extruder nozzle over which the extrusion flowsto reach the top of a center positioned annular pipe within the twoprior said tubes and thereby spill into the top open end of the saidcorrugated pipe;

The Fall of Which then Cools the Said Media between it and the said topperforated rotating tube as the said media moves upward in this saidannulus space enclosing the cold stationary corrugated tube that chillsthe media;

That Carries the Variety of Hot Gases Injected earlier into the saidmedia at the extruder nozzle and which application of;

Cryogenic Cold Liquefies the Gas Mix in the production of a chemicalliquid product.

In the recombination of gases a stationary extruder nozzle receivesmaterial from a single extruder employed to;

Push-Deliver a Single Uncompressed Tube Form of Catalyst Media,comprising shaped particles or spheres;

Into an Annulus between a Top Holed Absorber Receiver Tube with bearingsand rotary seal support holding it at the center of an air evacuatedCollection Gas Collection Chamber that permits a speed range of 25 to200 rpm around a Stationary Corrugated Tube as it serves to contain;

The Heat for the Catalyst Media to achieve a reaction or the steam ofgas chemicals introduced into the extruder at the bottom of the processas;

Gases Move through Catalyst Coated Beads or Media for reaction as themixing increases iso-octane reaction and the;

Media is Moved by Low Pressure Means so it is not damaged by the forceinvolved in pushing it through the system as the catalyst and gascontent is;

Heated by a Circulating Flame Heat Source that passes throughstreamlined piping in the extruder nozzle over which the catalyst mediaextrusion flows to enter the finished tube formation phase as thiscatalyst media passes into the annulus space supported on the outside bythe Top Holed Absorber Receiver Tube and inside by the stationaryCorrugated Tube inside of which the flame moves after passage throughthe said streamline piping;

to envelop a ceramic holed radiator hanging from a center pipe in thesaid Corrugated Tube that conducts oxygen to jets at a plurality ofpositions inside this said radiator for intensifying the flame as it isdriven upward to turn downward through a plurality of natural gas firedRam-jet Engines, the exhaust of which drives the flame flow down througha plurality of pipes that loop into the extruder nozzle streamlinepiping opening and beyond to the center of the corrugated tube heatingmember in the completion of the heating circuit;

To Heat the Catalyst Media and its Gas Content between it and the saidtop perforated rotating Absorber Receiver tube as the said media movesupward in this said annulus space to drop over the top and;

Pass to Media Cleaning before returning to the heat so any contaminationpatina or oxidation coating can be removed with various cleaning meansas the gases;

Pass Through Top Perforations after reforming or reaction to thecollection means.

In the reconstitution of gases taken directly from the Sub-Sonic ShockSteam Reforming Process in which a Catalyst Media is heated for reactionusing the heat generated in the preceding said Shock Steam Reformingsystem and the pulsed gas delivery of this system to add a "fluid-bed"vibratory effect to the normal mixing and churning of the catalyst mediawith differences in gas delivery and heat provisions while the claim 66generic features of the;

Convex Internal-Surface Forms on its Inside Wall that are arranged ashalf spheres affixed to these walls in a helical pattern oppose thestationary outer wall surface of a;

Corrugated Tube, the convolution of which face the forms of the outerwall that essentially matches its convex form profile to that of theopposite corrugated part, thus serving, when that corrugated member istelescoped inside the convex form;

As a Churning or Mixing Means of the Catalyst Media pushed through theannulus space between them and beyond;

While Containing a Variety of Hot Gases Injected earlier into the saidcatalyst as delivered from the Center of the Sub-Sonic Shock SteamReforming plurality of Piston/Cylinder Units upon which the CatalystReaction Tower mounts so the;

Intense Heat of Steam Pressure and Reaction can be delivered directlyfor use in the reactor with minimum loss of free energy and;

The Shock Pulse of Exhausted Gas driven directly up into the mass ofmoving Catalyst Media that with this system has three distinct motionscomprising;

The Upward Movement of the Extrusion Force;

The Churning Action of the Rotation and;

The Shock Pulse Low Frequency Fluid Bed Vibration.

In the reconstitution of gas derived from this process or other likesources or a Natural Gas, Stack Gas from another Process, Naptha orothers, the processes of claim 66 in which the mixing of gases isachieved with;

Convex Internal-Surface Forms on its Inside Wall arranged as halfspheres affixed to the walls in a helical pattern to oppose thestationary outer wall surface of a;

Corrugated Tube, the convolution of which face the forms of the outerwall that essentially matches its convex form profile to that of theopposite corrugated part, thus serving, when that corrugated member istelescoped inside the convex form;

As a Churning or Mixing Means of the Catalyst Media pushed through theannulus space between them and beyond;

While Containing a Variety of Hot Gases Injected earlier into the saidcatalyst media at the extruder nozzle and which application of;

Intense Heat with the Gas Mix produces an increase in Iso Octane effectin the production of a reacted or steam reformed gas product;

As a Churning or Mixing Means of the Catalyst Media pushed through theannulus space between them and beyond;

While Containing a Variety of Hot Gases Injected earlier into the saidcatalyst as delivered from the Center of the Sub-Sonic Shock SteamReforming plurality of Piston/Cylinder Units upon which the CatalystReaction Tower mounts so the;

Intense Heat of Steam Pressure and Reaction can be delivered directlyfor use in the reactor with minimum loss of free energy and;

The Shock Pulse of Exhausted Gas driven directly up into the mass ofmoving Catalyst Media that with this system has three distinct motionscomprising;

The Upward Movement of the Extrusion Force

The Churning Action of the Rotation and

The Shock Pulse Low Frequency Fluid Bed Vibration.

The use of High Pressure Steam for these various processes be producedwith a high velocity Ram-jet driven, newsprint waste-paper fueled, flamecirculation system;

in which the steam generation is created with a steam boiler system withuse of Uncoupled Vertical Boiler Tubes which receive a controlled inputof hot feedwater from a source within the boiler body;

in which the uncoupled vertical boiler tubes have two or more ControlledOpenings Into Steam Collection Spaces in the boiler body;

in which Two or More Pressures and Temperatures be sustained in separatespaces within the said boiler body;

in which said flash boiler tubes have within them Loosely Fitted SolidSteel Balls so their weight can partly overcome steam pressure andfacilitate a rise and fall excursion;

the movement of which said balls provide means to Draw in Feedwater tothe inside of the tubes;

and also the movement of these said balls Drive Steam Out of the TubeSpace into the steam storage areas of the boiler body;

while the said ball motion functions as well to "Iron" Out the NucleateBubbles on the inner walls of the boiler tubes which said bubblesnormally inhibit boiling functions.

The apparatus of this invention can be substantially varied with respectto the boiler body geometry because the essential feature is theAnti-Nucleate Ball "Ironing" the Inside Wall of the Uncoupled BoilerTubes to break up Nucleate Bubble formation that inhibits steamformation;

the individually uncoupled flash boiler tubes Use Two Check Valves, onea common valve on a pipe to the water reservoir and the other aball-check valve seating on the water receiver opening in the saiduncoupled flash boiler tube bottom.

The Traveling Nucleate Ball that moves up and down to time waterinjection and cause temperature reduction and steam pressure changes;

as the Nucleate Ball Begin its Movement by Falling on Top of the BottomBall Check because there has been an influx of water;

the ball check with the Nucleate Ball weight on top of it, as well assteam pressure above the Nucleate Ball Holds the Water in the waterreceiver below;

the newly trapped water volume in the water receiver body, that is twicethe diameter of the tube diameter, flashes into steam and Drives theBall Check up to Strike the

Nucleate Ball starting its travel upward and as it goes the steam belowexpands and is being subjected to more of the heat surrounding the tubesurface;

while the steam beneath the Nucleate Ball expands the rising ball pushessteam out through openings above which reduces resistance to its risingand As it Passes the Last Opening the External Steam Pressure BalancesAgainst the Pressure in the Tube Space at the same time the feedwaterpressure that is maintained slightly above normal steam pressure pushesthrough the check valve of the water receiver.

As The Nucleate Ball Begins to Fall Back, partly pushed by the momentarysteam pressure trapped at the top of the tube, the hot water pushes pastthe Water Receiver check valve and moves into the said tube bottomproviding a cooling function As the Cycle Repeats Itself.

A dual Tube Forming Extrusion Method comprising in combination;

a plurality of extruders with auger/flight feed screw components thatturn inside the extrusion tubes to pack pulverized materials intocompressed states as continually moving extrudates delivered into;

a single stationary nozzle receiver with an internal porting and shapesdesigned to receive and combine this plurality of extrudates into asingle tube form with a wall of laminated layers comprising;

an outer tube annular layer consisting of a feedstock with a diametersuited to introduce inside a rotating perforated absorber receiver tube;

with an inner tube internal lamination of ground glass/fire clay mixextrudate formulated to ablate in the flame driven through the center ofthis thus-formed tube so the heat from said flame enclosed in the tubecauses the outer feedstock extrudate to outgas and express its liquefiedchemical constituents through the perforations of the rotating absorberreceiver retention tube as the said feedstock tube moves linearly inpassage to a final terminus where the residual carbonized skeletal tubeis broken into the char or coke by-products of this process;

which said passage through the stages of the process require means forthe accommodation of the change from the static stationary extrudernozzle that is delivering the non-rotating tubular extrudate into arotating absorber receiver retention tube;

which rotation accommodation means comprise in combination;

extrudate delivery from the exit end of the static nozzle into a five toten revolution per minute rotation of a tapered female die form with a60 degree helical involute serrated gear tooth on the inside surface ofthis section with a total length not exceeding 4 times the extrusion'sdiameter;

which said internal gear tooth major diameter is the same throughout thedie length, but the tooth land tops are machined to taper from slightlyless than the root diameter at the die entrance to full tooth height atthe die exit so engagement of die with the outside of the feedstocktube;

occurs gradually as the gear shape is extruded into the smooth outsidediameter of the extrudate feedstock tube and in so doing it causes anaxial twist in the feedstock tube in the accommodating of the toothcurvature as the speed of extrusion and die synchronize with continualfeed from the extruder producing a spline-like helical major diameter onthe outside of the feedstock as it exits the die;

which major diameter of the gear form is also the entrance diameter ofthe large tapered end opening of the absorber receiver retention tubethat is rotating at a speed ten to twenty times that of the die fromwhich feedstock tube is existing;

which said taper in the absorber receiver tube shall not have a greatertaper angle for every given foot of length than the dedendum dimensionof the said helical gear tooth form so; the outer diameter dimensionupon entry into the absorber receiver tube's larger taper openingprovides free rotation at first, as the smooth inner surface of theabsorber receiver tube spins past the more slowly rotating gear toothtops of the feedstock extrusion;

but as the linear feed progresses the walls of the taper close againstthe gear tooth tops to commence the second twisting of the feedstocktube;

which twisting gradually increases as gear tooth shape is deformed andis finally compressed totally by the taper to erase the teeth and makethe feedstock tube achieve a smooth surface equal to the gear dedendumdimension;

as the feedstock extrusion moves linearly with a slip fit inside theperforated wall of the absorber receiver tube so the fire reduction ofthe feedstock can begin.

All of which steps can be repeated to further increase speed if theelasticity of the extrudate and its initial extruded mass ratio to thatof the finished extrusion is produced in a proportion allowing for thestretch required to make these greater speed increases possible.

A process for the atmosphere excluded fire reduction of a feedstock forthe extraction, cleaning and division of gases with the recombination ofthese using a cold liquification process to produce a chemical productand a carbonized by-product, that comprises in combination:

a plurality of extrusion apparatuses coupled with one extrusion nozzlethat receives a first extruder's output as a pulverized feedstock thatis expelled as a tube;

while another extruder delivers a plastic, fusable insulation materialto provide a tubular fire protective liner formed as a lamination insidethe said first extruded feedstock tube as the dual tubular extrusionexits the nozzle to be pressed upward inside the widening tapered wallof a long perforated tube having a diameter that increases toaccommodate the expansion of the heated feedstock and prevents fractureof the fire protective inner tube liner;

which combined feedstock tube pair of tube and liner has optionallypassed through a portion of the nozzle with piping and traps that permitair evacuation of the feedstock interstices, while following piping canoptionally inject gases or chemicals into the said evacuated feedstockinterstices;

which said long perforated tube is suspended on cooled bearings at eachunperforated end so it can be rotated at varied speeds to centrifugallypress the sliding hot feedstock tube against the perforated wall andexude liquors and gases through the tube perforations inside anenclosing chamber;

as additional streamlined piping in the nozzle allows the extrusion toflow past while providing for insertion of combustible gases and oxygenor compressed air into the center space of the extruded tubes so thesegases mix, ignite and rise around a hanging ceramic and holed radiatorsuspended inside the tube center, the oxygen being inserted to providean incandescent radiator closely interfacing the fusing inner tube lineras it bakes the protected feedstock to reduce the feedstock layer to acarbon char or coke-like product as it travels upward;

while the perforated support tube turns in rotary seals mounted beforebearings on unperforated tube ends at the top and bottom of an enclosingchamber, which is air evacuated as the process commences so thereafterthe chamber space is filled with the liquors and gas product vented intothe chamber through the support tube holes;

while the coke-like product is broken away at the top of the rotatingperforated support tube and drops through an air trap into an enclosurewhere water spray cooling occurs and generates hydrocarbon water gas forcapture and removal with pressure blowers and for delivery to theextrusion nozzle below for ignition in the heating system for thelaminated concentric tubes inside the perforated support tube;

while other hydrocarbon gases are driven from the said moving tubularfeedstock and pass through the perforations and into the said enclosingchamber, where the gases are heated and circulated with superheatedsteam jets and the hot exuded liquors collect at the chamber bottom tobe expelled to downcomers;

while the chamber gas pressure increases to cause venting of the othergases by intermittent pressure activated valving means, which isfollowed by cleaning the other gases of particulates and passage of theother gases through thermal diffusion means for rough molecular weightseparation into two gas divisions.

Each gas division is ionized by electron bombardment as pressure,temperature and flow rate are controlled; each of the two gas divisions,as separated and ionized, are propelled into a corresponding one of apair of parabolic reflector shapes, causing impingement of the gasmolecules against a point where they are deflected and scattered intothe parabola space as each reflector turns at high speed to exert acentrifugal force on its said gas content.

Each reflector enclosure is bounded by an encircling array of horizontalslit-like openings providing a rough division of the gases therein bymole weight, the lighter gases rising and the heavy gases sinking toprovide this rough division, and the separated gases being conveyed awayin a wave-guide like means to a cyclotron structure where they cross aperpendicular magnetic field in an evacuated atmosphere of the cyclotronstructure.

The cyclotron structure is bounded by a circular enclosure of sharplydefined vertical slits that can be variously opened with valving meansrepresenting the spectrum fallout width of each specific gas mole weightas separated by the perpendicular magnetic field force; which separatedgas divisions then represent the chemical constituents of the feedstockthat passes out through suitable discharge piping.

The discharge piping may lead to a second extruder nozzle carrying aninert compacted (but not compressed) media mass, such as inert beads.The second extruder nozzle includes a plurality of ports to admit theplurality of metered gas flow input into the interstices of the inertmedia that have been evacuated through other like piping and traps toprovide spaces for the metered gas volumes delivered into these vacatedinterstices as the contents of the second nozzle are discharged into theoutermost tube of three telescoped tubes. Other ports admit a gas orliquid coolant to the innermost tube and this is passed throughstreamlined piping within a nozzle passage for the inert media.

The intermediate tube serves as an media support tube and gas containinginert media moves between the outer tube and the support tube to providea flow pathway for gas passage through a supported and churning inertmedia. The intermediate support tube has bearings at both ends, withseals, that hold the support tube for rotation between the outer tubeand the inner cooling tube. Thus, annulus spaces exist on each side onthe support tube, i.e., an outer annulus that holds the gas containingmedia and an inner annulus that holds cooling gases or liquids flowingup the inner tube bore and down the inner annulus enclosed by theintermediate support tube, or flowing up the inner annulus and down theinner tube bore.

The cooling causes liquification of the gases and this liquification isfacilitated by the churning and mixing as the supported media passesupward between the stationary inner surface of the outer tube, which mayhave convex forms on its surface, and the rotating support tube. Theliquid generated moves against the media and is stirred by its passage.Also, the outer surface of the support tube wall may have a corrugatedsurface with vertically extending corrugations that further cause thegases and liquids to churn and combine in the formation of one or morechemical products. The final liquid product(s) may spill or flow throughperforations in a top section of the stationary outer tube and into anenclosing evacuated collection chamber, which may surround the entiretube assembly.

After separation from the product(s) the media is then passed throughcleaning means to be returned and recirculated to the media extrusionnozzle for continuous production of the product(s).

An apparatus combination for a direct flame reduction and gasificationprocess, which combination comprises:

an extruder nozzle for combining in tubular form a dual extrusion from aplurality of inputs delivered from conventional extruder sources, inwhich one of said tubular extrusions is a feedstock and a second is afire resistant fusable material that forms a protective liner to shieldthe feedstock from the direct flame exposure produced by ignition of afuel introduced into the center of the said dual extrusion through thesame said nozzle;

as streamlined piping in the nozzle permits the continuous feed of thefeedstock to flow over and past this piping before entering a longperforated support tube with a slightly widening taper, the support tubebeing mounted in bearings so it can rotate and cause the supportedfeedstock to be centrifugally pressed against the inside surface of itsouter wall, and having seals at each end so it is retained in an airevacuated enclosure; the heat provided by said flame leaving a residueof carbon char on the outside of the protective liner.

In the fire reduction apparatus, the connections between the extrusionnozzle and the long perforated tube may be attached with a single vacuumtight seal. In addition, the extrusion nozzle may rotate and be drivenwith a common driver to that of the long rotating perforated tube thatis retaining and supporting the extrusion. Alternatively, the extrusionnozzle and the long perforated tube may be rotated by separate means.The extruder nozzle and the long perforated tube may be mounted inindividual seals and bearings so both can rotate.

The long perforated tube may rotate as an armature within an evacuatedstator-like chamber and may have vacuum mechanical seals at each end.Also the extrusion at the nozzle end may be reduced in diameter withmeans to impart a spiral corrugation to the extrudite, thereby affordinga raised slipping contact surface for entry into the faster turning longperforated tube.

Porting within the extruder nozzle may provide means for evacuation ofair entrainment within the interstices of the particles of the feedstockextrusion material during its passage through the nozzle. Porting withinthe extruder nozzle may also provide means for the introduction of aplurality of gases or other chemicals into the interstices of theextrusion material after the evacuation portion has been passed.

The material used in the inner lining on the inside surface of thefeedstock extrusion may be an abatable silica/ceramic mix that is firehardenable to a glaze-like reflective, protective and muffling surfacefor covering the inside surface of the feedstock extrusion. The centerfire is preferably supported by the infusion of compressed air oroxygen, while the primary fuel is preferably a natural gas augmented bygases produced in the reduction process.

The center fire may be supported by a long hanging and holed radiatorthat is suspended in the center of the feedstock and liner tubes andinto which air or oxygen is injected to create intense heat providing anincandescent surface close to the feedstock liner's inside surface.Except for the separate air or oxygen input to the suspended radiator,the combustible fuel and oxygen mixture is introduced throughstreamlined piping within the extruder nozzle over which the extrusionmaterial passes.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for forming liquid hydrocarbons fromsolid coal comprising:means for pulverizing the coal to provide aparticulate coal feed; means for extruding said coal feed to provide ahollow tube of compressed coal, said extruding means including a supporttube for externally supporting said coal tube; means for extruding aclay feed to provide a hollow tube of compressed clay supported insideof said coal tube; means for burning a combustible fuel inside of saidclay tube, the temperature of said combustion being sufficient to firesaid extruded clay and pyrolyze said extruded coal to producehydrocarbon gases and coal char, said support tube having holes forreleasing said hydrocarbon gases, and, means for cooling saidhydrocarbon gases to provide a liquid hydrocarbon product.
 2. Anapparatus according to claim 1, wherein said hydrocarbon gases containsuspended particles formed during said combustion and said apparatusfurther comprises:means for removing said suspended particles from saidhydrocarbon gases to provide clean gases; ionizing means having anionizing chamber to ionize at least a portion of said clean gases;magnetic means providing a magnetic field to separate said ionized gasesfrom each other according to their molecular weight; means for mixingselected portions of at least some of said separated gases; and meansfor cooling said mixed gases to provide at least one liquid hydrocarbonproduct of predetermined composition.
 3. An apparatus according to claim2, wherein said removing means comprises:a bed of metal balls containedwithin a ball chamber, each of said metal balls having a plurality ofthrough holes for the passage of said hydrocarbon gases such that saidpassage of the hydrocarbon gases causes said suspended particles to bedeposited as a residue on said metal balls; means for withdrawing aportion of said metal balls from the bed in said ball chamber; means forcleaning said withdrawn metal balls by blasting them with an inert gasto remove said residue; and, means for returning said cleaned metalballs to the bed in said ball chamber.
 4. An apparatus according toclaim 1, further comprising:means for breaking up and cooling said firedclay and said coal char to provide pieces of clay and pieces of char;means for separating said char pieces from said clay pieces; means forpulverizing said char pieces to provide powdered char; and means fordispersing said powered char in a combustible liquid to provide a liquidhydrocarbon fuel.
 5. An apparatus according to claim 4, furthercomprising means for forming said combustible liquid by a processcomprised of heating a solid plastic material.
 6. An apparatus accordingto claim 1 further comprising means for rotating said support tube atleast during said coal extruding step, and an oxygen free chamber intowhich said support tube holes release said hydrocarbon gases.
 7. Anapparatus for converting solid coal and a solid plastic material to aliquid fuel comprising:means for pulverizing the coal to provide aparticulate coal feed; means for extruding said coal feed to provide ahollow tube of compressed coal, said extruding means including a supporttube for externally supporting said coal tube; means for extruding aclay feed to provide a hollow tube of compressed clay supported insideof said coal tube; means for burning a combustible fuel inside of saidclay tube, the temperature of said combustion being sufficient to firesaid extruded clay and pyrolyze said extruded coal to producehydrocarbon gases and coal char, said support tube having holes forreleasing said hydrocarbon gases; means for pulverizing said coal charto provide powdered char; means for providing a combustible liquid byheating a solid plastic material; and, means for dispersing saidpowdered char in said combustible liquid to provide a liquid hydrocarbonfuel.
 8. An apparatus according to claim 7, further comprises means forforming said combustible liquid by heating a solid plastic materialcontaining organic chlorides to a sufficiently high temperature andcompressing said waste plastic material in the presence of water at asufficiently rapid rate to convert said plastic material to saidcombustible liquid, and to expel chlorine ions from said plasticmaterial and convert said expelled chlorine ions to hydrogen chloride.9. An apparatus according to claim 7 further comprising means forrotating said support tube at least during said coal extruding step, andan oxygen free chamber into which said support tube holes release saidhydrocarbon gases.
 10. An apparatus for extruding and rotating anextrudable material to form a tubular structure, said apparatuscomprising:a first tube having an inside surface with at least onespiral corrugation; a nozzle for extruding said material into said firsttube such that said corrugation causes the extruded material to rotateand form a rotating tubular structure having a corresponding convolutionon an outer surface and a hollow interior chamber defined by an innersurface of the tubular structure; and a second tube arranged to receivethe tubular structure from said first tube, said second tube beingarranged to rotate relative to said first tube and having a taperedsection with an inner surface of decreasing taper from inlet to outletsuch that said convolution is compressed and the rotational speed of thetubular structure is increased by rotation of said second tube.
 11. Anextrusion apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the inner surface ofsaid second tube is substantially smooth, and wherein the size of saidsecond tube relative to the rate at which said nozzle extrudes saidextrudable material is such that said extruded material remains in saidsecond tube for a time sufficient to substantially smooth out saidconvolution on the outer surface of the tubular structure.
 12. Anextrusion apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the size of saidsecond tube relative to the rate at which said nozzle means extrudessaid extrudable material is such that the tubular structure remains insaid second tube for a period of time sufficient for the tubularstructure to achieve a rotational speed substantially equal to therotational speed of said second tube.
 13. An extrusion apparatusaccording to claim 10, wherein said extrusion nozzle is a stationarynozzle and said first tube rotates relative to said nozzle.
 14. Anextrusion apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the corrugated insidesurface of said first tube comprises a plurality of corrugations forproviding a plurality of convolutions on the outer surface the tubularstructure.
 15. An extrusion apparatus according to claim 14, wherein thecorrugations of said first tube extend transversely relative to arotational axis thereof and have a spiral form such that saidconvolutions have a corresponding spiral form.
 16. An extrusionapparatus according to claim 10, for extruding an extrudable materialcontaining a heavy fraction of greater density than a light fraction,and wherein said second tube includes a perforated section locateddownstream of said tapered section and having a perforated wall forseparating said heavy fraction from said high fraction by dischargingsaid heavy fraction through the perforated wall when said perforatedsection is rotated.
 17. An extrusion apparatus according to claim 16,wherein said extrusion nozzle is a stationary nozzle and said first tuberotates relative to said nozzle.
 18. An extrusion apparatus according toclaim 17 further comprising heating means for heating the tubularstructure by passing a heat producing medium through its hollowinterior.
 19. An extrusion apparatus according to claim 18 forsimultaneously extruding both a combustible material and a heatresistant material, and wherein said nozzle comprises means forextruding said heat resistant material as a protective layer inside of alayer of said combustible material such that said inner surface of thetubular structure is provided by said protective layer.
 20. An extrusionapparatus according to claim 19, wherein said combustible materialcomprises an organic material and said heat resistant material comprisesan inorganic material, and wherein said heating means providessufficient heat to said combustible layer to reduce at least a portionof said organic material to carbon.